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/* Copyright (C) 1996-2002,2005,2007-2009,2010,2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   This file is part of the GNU C Library.

   The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

   The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   Lesser General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
   <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */

/*
 *	ISO C99 Standard: 7.25
 *	Wide character classification and mapping utilities  <wctype.h>
 */

#ifndef _WCTYPE_H

#include <features.h>
#include <bits/types.h>

#ifndef __need_iswxxx
# define _WCTYPE_H	1

/* Get wint_t from <wchar.h>.  */
# define __need_wint_t
# include <wchar.h>

/* Constant expression of type `wint_t' whose value does not correspond
   to any member of the extended character set.  */
# ifndef WEOF
#  define WEOF (0xffffffffu)
# endif
#endif
#undef __need_iswxxx


/* The following part is also used in the <wcsmbs.h> header when compiled
   in the Unix98 compatibility mode.  */
#ifndef __iswxxx_defined
# define __iswxxx_defined	1

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_C99
/* Scalar type that can hold values which represent locale-specific
   character classifications.  */
typedef unsigned long int wctype_t;
__END_NAMESPACE_C99

# ifndef _ISwbit
/* The characteristics are stored always in network byte order (big
   endian).  We define the bit value interpretations here dependent on the
   machine's byte order.  */

#  include <endian.h>
#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
#   define _ISwbit(bit)	(1 << (bit))
#  else /* __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN */
#   define _ISwbit(bit)	\
	((bit) < 8 ? (int) ((1UL << (bit)) << 24)			      \
	 : ((bit) < 16 ? (int) ((1UL << (bit)) << 8)			      \
	    : ((bit) < 24 ? (int) ((1UL << (bit)) >> 8)			      \
	       : (int) ((1UL << (bit)) >> 24))))
#  endif

enum
{
  __ISwupper = 0,			/* UPPERCASE.  */
  __ISwlower = 1,			/* lowercase.  */
  __ISwalpha = 2,			/* Alphabetic.  */
  __ISwdigit = 3,			/* Numeric.  */
  __ISwxdigit = 4,			/* Hexadecimal numeric.  */
  __ISwspace = 5,			/* Whitespace.  */
  __ISwprint = 6,			/* Printing.  */
  __ISwgraph = 7,			/* Graphical.  */
  __ISwblank = 8,			/* Blank (usually SPC and TAB).  */
  __ISwcntrl = 9,			/* Control character.  */
  __ISwpunct = 10,			/* Punctuation.  */
  __ISwalnum = 11,			/* Alphanumeric.  */

  _ISwupper = _ISwbit (__ISwupper),	/* UPPERCASE.  */
  _ISwlower = _ISwbit (__ISwlower),	/* lowercase.  */
  _ISwalpha = _ISwbit (__ISwalpha),	/* Alphabetic.  */
  _ISwdigit = _ISwbit (__ISwdigit),	/* Numeric.  */
  _ISwxdigit = _ISwbit (__ISwxdigit),	/* Hexadecimal numeric.  */
  _ISwspace = _ISwbit (__ISwspace),	/* Whitespace.  */
  _ISwprint = _ISwbit (__ISwprint),	/* Printing.  */
  _ISwgraph = _ISwbit (__ISwgraph),	/* Graphical.  */
  _ISwblank = _ISwbit (__ISwblank),	/* Blank (usually SPC and TAB).  */
  _ISwcntrl = _ISwbit (__ISwcntrl),	/* Control character.  */
  _ISwpunct = _ISwbit (__ISwpunct),	/* Punctuation.  */
  _ISwalnum = _ISwbit (__ISwalnum)	/* Alphanumeric.  */
};
# endif /* Not _ISwbit  */


__BEGIN_DECLS

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_C99
/*
 * Wide-character classification functions: 7.15.2.1.
 */

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswalpha' or `iswdigit' is
   true.  */
extern int iswalnum (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswupper' or 'iswlower' is
   true, or any wide character that is one of a locale-specific set of
   wide-characters for which none of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit',
   `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswalpha (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any control wide character.  */
extern int iswcntrl (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a decimal-digit
   character.  */
extern int iswdigit (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswprint' is true and
   `iswspace' is false.  */
extern int iswgraph (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a lowercase letter
   or is one of a locale-specific set of wide characters for which
   none of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit', `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswlower (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any printing wide character.  */
extern int iswprint (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any printing wide character that is one of a
   locale-specific et of wide characters for which neither `iswspace'
   nor `iswalnum' is true.  */
extern int iswpunct (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a locale-specific
   set of wide characters for which none of `iswalnum', `iswgraph', or
   `iswpunct' is true.  */
extern int iswspace (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to an uppercase letter
   or is one of a locale-specific set of wide character for which none
   of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit', `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswupper (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a hexadecimal-digit
   character equivalent to that performed be the functions described
   in the previous subclause.  */
extern int iswxdigit (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a standard blank
   wide character or a locale-specific set of wide characters for
   which `iswalnum' is false.  */
# ifdef __USE_ISOC99
extern int iswblank (wint_t __wc) __THROW;
# endif

/*
 * Extensible wide-character classification functions: 7.15.2.2.
 */

/* Construct value that describes a class of wide characters identified
   by the string argument PROPERTY.  */
extern wctype_t wctype (const char *__property) __THROW;

/* Determine whether the wide-character WC has the property described by
   DESC.  */
extern int iswctype (wint_t __wc, wctype_t __desc) __THROW;
__END_NAMESPACE_C99


/*
 * Wide-character case-mapping functions: 7.15.3.1.
 */

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_C99
/* Scalar type that can hold values which represent locale-specific
   character mappings.  */
typedef const __int32_t *wctrans_t;
__END_NAMESPACE_C99
#ifdef __USE_GNU
__USING_NAMESPACE_C99(wctrans_t)
#endif

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_C99
/* Converts an uppercase letter to the corresponding lowercase letter.  */
extern wint_t towlower (wint_t __wc) __THROW;

/* Converts an lowercase letter to the corresponding uppercase letter.  */
extern wint_t towupper (wint_t __wc) __THROW;
__END_NAMESPACE_C99

__END_DECLS

#endif	/* need iswxxx.  */


/* The remaining definitions and declarations must not appear in the
   <wchar.h> header.  */
#ifdef _WCTYPE_H

/*
 * Extensible wide-character mapping functions: 7.15.3.2.
 */

__BEGIN_DECLS

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_C99
/* Construct value that describes a mapping between wide characters
   identified by the string argument PROPERTY.  */
extern wctrans_t wctrans (const char *__property) __THROW;

/* Map the wide character WC using the mapping described by DESC.  */
extern wint_t towctrans (wint_t __wc, wctrans_t __desc) __THROW;
__END_NAMESPACE_C99

# ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K8
/* Declare the interface to extended locale model.  */
#  include <xlocale.h>

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswalpha' or `iswdigit' is
   true.  */
extern int iswalnum_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswupper' or 'iswlower' is
   true, or any wide character that is one of a locale-specific set of
   wide-characters for which none of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit',
   `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswalpha_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any control wide character.  */
extern int iswcntrl_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a decimal-digit
   character.  */
extern int iswdigit_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character for which `iswprint' is true and
   `iswspace' is false.  */
extern int iswgraph_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a lowercase letter
   or is one of a locale-specific set of wide characters for which
   none of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit', `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswlower_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any printing wide character.  */
extern int iswprint_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any printing wide character that is one of a
   locale-specific et of wide characters for which neither `iswspace'
   nor `iswalnum' is true.  */
extern int iswpunct_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a locale-specific
   set of wide characters for which none of `iswalnum', `iswgraph', or
   `iswpunct' is true.  */
extern int iswspace_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to an uppercase letter
   or is one of a locale-specific set of wide character for which none
   of `iswcntrl', `iswdigit', `iswpunct', or `iswspace' is true.  */
extern int iswupper_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a hexadecimal-digit
   character equivalent to that performed be the functions described
   in the previous subclause.  */
extern int iswxdigit_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Test for any wide character that corresponds to a standard blank
   wide character or a locale-specific set of wide characters for
   which `iswalnum' is false.  */
extern int iswblank_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Construct value that describes a class of wide characters identified
   by the string argument PROPERTY.  */
extern wctype_t wctype_l (const char *__property, __locale_t __locale)
     __THROW;

/* Determine whether the wide-character WC has the property described by
   DESC.  */
extern int iswctype_l (wint_t __wc, wctype_t __desc, __locale_t __locale)
     __THROW;


/*
 * Wide-character case-mapping functions.
 */

/* Converts an uppercase letter to the corresponding lowercase letter.  */
extern wint_t towlower_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Converts an lowercase letter to the corresponding uppercase letter.  */
extern wint_t towupper_l (wint_t __wc, __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

/* Construct value that describes a mapping between wide characters
   identified by the string argument PROPERTY.  */
extern wctrans_t wctrans_l (const char *__property, __locale_t __locale)
     __THROW;

/* Map the wide character WC using the mapping described by DESC.  */
extern wint_t towctrans_l (wint_t __wc, wctrans_t __desc,
			   __locale_t __locale) __THROW;

# endif /* Use POSIX 2008.  */

__END_DECLS

#endif	/* __WCTYPE_H defined.  */

#endif /* wctype.h  */

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RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts.  We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

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CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

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We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

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The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

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For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

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The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

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The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

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Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Image 11-11-22 at 6.25 PM

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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