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/* Float object interface */

/*
PyFloatObject represents a (double precision) floating point number.
*/

#ifndef Py_FLOATOBJECT_H
#define Py_FLOATOBJECT_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    double ob_fval;
} PyFloatObject;

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) PyFloat_Type;

#define PyFloat_Check(op) PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyFloat_Type)
#define PyFloat_CheckExact(op) (Py_TYPE(op) == &PyFloat_Type)

/* The str() precision PyFloat_STR_PRECISION is chosen so that in most cases,
   the rounding noise created by various operations is suppressed, while
   giving plenty of precision for practical use. */

#define PyFloat_STR_PRECISION 12

#ifdef Py_NAN
#define Py_RETURN_NAN return PyFloat_FromDouble(Py_NAN)
#endif

#define Py_RETURN_INF(sign) do					\
	if (copysign(1., sign) == 1.) {				\
		return PyFloat_FromDouble(Py_HUGE_VAL);	\
	} else {						\
		return PyFloat_FromDouble(-Py_HUGE_VAL);	\
	} while(0)

PyAPI_FUNC(double) PyFloat_GetMax(void);
PyAPI_FUNC(double) PyFloat_GetMin(void);
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyFloat_GetInfo(void);

/* Return Python float from string PyObject.  Second argument ignored on
   input, and, if non-NULL, NULL is stored into *junk (this tried to serve a
   purpose once but can't be made to work as intended). */
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyFloat_FromString(PyObject*, char** junk);

/* Return Python float from C double. */
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyFloat_FromDouble(double);

/* Extract C double from Python float.  The macro version trades safety for
   speed. */
PyAPI_FUNC(double) PyFloat_AsDouble(PyObject *);
#define PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(op) (((PyFloatObject *)(op))->ob_fval)

/* Write repr(v) into the char buffer argument, followed by null byte.  The
   buffer must be "big enough"; >= 100 is very safe.
   PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, x) strives to print enough digits so that
   PyFloat_FromString(buf) then reproduces x exactly. */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyFloat_AsReprString(char*, PyFloatObject *v);

/* Write str(v) into the char buffer argument, followed by null byte.  The
   buffer must be "big enough"; >= 100 is very safe.  Note that it's
   unusual to be able to get back the float you started with from
   PyFloat_AsString's result -- use PyFloat_AsReprString() if you want to
   preserve precision across conversions. */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyFloat_AsString(char*, PyFloatObject *v);

/* _PyFloat_{Pack,Unpack}{4,8}
 *
 * The struct and pickle (at least) modules need an efficient platform-
 * independent way to store floating-point values as byte strings.
 * The Pack routines produce a string from a C double, and the Unpack
 * routines produce a C double from such a string.  The suffix (4 or 8)
 * specifies the number of bytes in the string.
 *
 * On platforms that appear to use (see _PyFloat_Init()) IEEE-754 formats
 * these functions work by copying bits.  On other platforms, the formats the
 * 4- byte format is identical to the IEEE-754 single precision format, and
 * the 8-byte format to the IEEE-754 double precision format, although the
 * packing of INFs and NaNs (if such things exist on the platform) isn't
 * handled correctly, and attempting to unpack a string containing an IEEE
 * INF or NaN will raise an exception.
 *
 * On non-IEEE platforms with more precision, or larger dynamic range, than
 * 754 supports, not all values can be packed; on non-IEEE platforms with less
 * precision, or smaller dynamic range, not all values can be unpacked.  What
 * happens in such cases is partly accidental (alas).
 */

/* The pack routines write 4 or 8 bytes, starting at p.  le is a bool
 * argument, true if you want the string in little-endian format (exponent
 * last, at p+3 or p+7), false if you want big-endian format (exponent
 * first, at p).
 * Return value:  0 if all is OK, -1 if error (and an exception is
 * set, most likely OverflowError).
 * There are two problems on non-IEEE platforms:
 * 1):  What this does is undefined if x is a NaN or infinity.
 * 2):  -0.0 and +0.0 produce the same string.
 */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyFloat_Pack4(double x, unsigned char *p, int le);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyFloat_Pack8(double x, unsigned char *p, int le);

/* Used to get the important decimal digits of a double */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyFloat_Digits(char *buf, double v, int *signum);
PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyFloat_DigitsInit(void);

/* The unpack routines read 4 or 8 bytes, starting at p.  le is a bool
 * argument, true if the string is in little-endian format (exponent
 * last, at p+3 or p+7), false if big-endian (exponent first, at p).
 * Return value:  The unpacked double.  On error, this is -1.0 and
 * PyErr_Occurred() is true (and an exception is set, most likely
 * OverflowError).  Note that on a non-IEEE platform this will refuse
 * to unpack a string that represents a NaN or infinity.
 */
PyAPI_FUNC(double) _PyFloat_Unpack4(const unsigned char *p, int le);
PyAPI_FUNC(double) _PyFloat_Unpack8(const unsigned char *p, int le);

/* free list api */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyFloat_ClearFreeList(void);

/* Format the object based on the format_spec, as defined in PEP 3101
   (Advanced String Formatting). */
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyFloat_FormatAdvanced(PyObject *obj,
					       char *format_spec,
					       Py_ssize_t format_spec_len);

/* Round a C double x to the closest multiple of 10**-ndigits.  Returns a
   Python float on success, or NULL (with an appropriate exception set) on
   failure.  Used in builtin_round in bltinmodule.c. */
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _Py_double_round(double x, int ndigits);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyFloat_DebugMallocStats(FILE* out);


#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* !Py_FLOATOBJECT_H */

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RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts.  We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS Case Study Logos
CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More
NYT Case Study Logos
New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More
BBC Case Study Logos
The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More
Spectrum Case Study Logos
Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More
UN Case Study Logos
The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More
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The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

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Mcgraw Hill Case Study Logos
Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Oyster Case Study Logos
Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Image 11-11-22 at 6.25 PM

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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