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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * varbit.h
 *	  Functions for the SQL datatypes BIT() and BIT VARYING().
 *
 * Code originally contributed by Adriaan Joubert.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/utils/varbit.h
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef VARBIT_H
#define VARBIT_H

#include <limits.h>

#include "fmgr.h"

/*
 * Modeled on struct varlena from postgres.h, but data type is bits8.
 */
typedef struct
{
	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
	int32		bit_len;		/* number of valid bits */
	bits8		bit_dat[1];		/* bit string, most sig. byte first */
} VarBit;

/*
 * fmgr interface macros
 *
 * BIT and BIT VARYING are toastable varlena types.  They are the same
 * as far as representation goes, so we just have one set of macros.
 */
#define DatumGetVarBitP(X)		   ((VarBit *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
#define DatumGetVarBitPCopy(X)	   ((VarBit *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X))
#define VarBitPGetDatum(X)		   PointerGetDatum(X)
#define PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(n)	   DatumGetVarBitP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
#define PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P_COPY(n) DatumGetVarBitPCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
#define PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(x)	   return VarBitPGetDatum(x)

/* Header overhead *in addition to* VARHDRSZ */
#define VARBITHDRSZ			sizeof(int32)
/* Number of bits in this bit string */
#define VARBITLEN(PTR)		(((VarBit *) (PTR))->bit_len)
/* Pointer to the first byte containing bit string data */
#define VARBITS(PTR)		(((VarBit *) (PTR))->bit_dat)
/* Number of bytes in the data section of a bit string */
#define VARBITBYTES(PTR)	(VARSIZE(PTR) - VARHDRSZ - VARBITHDRSZ)
/* Padding of the bit string at the end (in bits) */
#define VARBITPAD(PTR)		(VARBITBYTES(PTR)*BITS_PER_BYTE - VARBITLEN(PTR))
/* Number of bytes needed to store a bit string of a given length */
#define VARBITTOTALLEN(BITLEN)	(((BITLEN) + BITS_PER_BYTE-1)/BITS_PER_BYTE + \
								 VARHDRSZ + VARBITHDRSZ)
/*
 * Maximum number of bits.  Several code sites assume no overflow from
 * computing bitlen + X; VARBITTOTALLEN() has the largest such X.
 */
#define VARBITMAXLEN		(INT_MAX - BITS_PER_BYTE + 1)
/* pointer beyond the end of the bit string (like end() in STL containers) */
#define VARBITEND(PTR)		(((bits8 *) (PTR)) + VARSIZE(PTR))
/* Mask that will cover exactly one byte, i.e. BITS_PER_BYTE bits */
#define BITMASK 0xFF


extern Datum bit_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bit_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bit_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bit_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bittypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bittypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbittypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbittypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit_transform(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum varbit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum biteq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitlt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitle(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitgt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitcmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);

/* avoid the names bitand and bitor, since they are C++ keywords */
extern Datum bit_and(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bit_or(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitxor(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitnot(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitshiftleft(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitshiftright(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitcat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitsubstr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitsubstr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitlength(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitoctetlength(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitfromint4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bittoint4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitfromint8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bittoint8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitposition(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitsetbit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum bitgetbit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);

#endif

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RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts.  We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS Case Study Logos
CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More
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New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More
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The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More
Spectrum Case Study Logos
Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More
UN Case Study Logos
The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More
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The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

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Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Image 11-11-22 at 6.25 PM

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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