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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * typcache.h
 *	  Type cache definitions.
 *
 * The type cache exists to speed lookup of certain information about data
 * types that is not directly available from a type's pg_type row.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/utils/typcache.h
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef TYPCACHE_H
#define TYPCACHE_H

#include "access/tupdesc.h"
#include "fmgr.h"


/* TypeCacheEnumData is an opaque struct known only within typcache.c */
struct TypeCacheEnumData;

typedef struct TypeCacheEntry
{
	/* typeId is the hash lookup key and MUST BE FIRST */
	Oid			type_id;		/* OID of the data type */

	/* some subsidiary information copied from the pg_type row */
	int16		typlen;
	bool		typbyval;
	char		typalign;
	char		typstorage;
	char		typtype;
	Oid			typrelid;

	/*
	 * Information obtained from opfamily entries
	 *
	 * These will be InvalidOid if no match could be found, or if the
	 * information hasn't yet been requested.  Also note that for array and
	 * composite types, typcache.c checks that the contained types are
	 * comparable or hashable before allowing eq_opr etc to become set.
	 */
	Oid			btree_opf;		/* the default btree opclass' family */
	Oid			btree_opintype; /* the default btree opclass' opcintype */
	Oid			hash_opf;		/* the default hash opclass' family */
	Oid			hash_opintype;	/* the default hash opclass' opcintype */
	Oid			eq_opr;			/* the equality operator */
	Oid			lt_opr;			/* the less-than operator */
	Oid			gt_opr;			/* the greater-than operator */
	Oid			cmp_proc;		/* the btree comparison function */
	Oid			hash_proc;		/* the hash calculation function */

	/*
	 * Pre-set-up fmgr call info for the equality operator, the btree
	 * comparison function, and the hash calculation function.  These are kept
	 * in the type cache to avoid problems with memory leaks in repeated calls
	 * to functions such as array_eq, array_cmp, hash_array.  There is not
	 * currently a need to maintain call info for the lt_opr or gt_opr.
	 */
	FmgrInfo	eq_opr_finfo;
	FmgrInfo	cmp_proc_finfo;
	FmgrInfo	hash_proc_finfo;

	/*
	 * Tuple descriptor if it's a composite type (row type).  NULL if not
	 * composite or information hasn't yet been requested.  (NOTE: this is a
	 * reference-counted tupledesc.)
	 */
	TupleDesc	tupDesc;

	/*
	 * Fields computed when TYPECACHE_RANGE_INFO is requested.  Zeroes if not
	 * a range type or information hasn't yet been requested.  Note that
	 * rng_cmp_proc_finfo could be different from the element type's default
	 * btree comparison function.
	 */
	struct TypeCacheEntry *rngelemtype; /* range's element type */
	Oid			rng_collation;	/* collation for comparisons, if any */
	FmgrInfo	rng_cmp_proc_finfo;		/* comparison function */
	FmgrInfo	rng_canonical_finfo;	/* canonicalization function, if any */
	FmgrInfo	rng_subdiff_finfo;		/* difference function, if any */

	/* Private data, for internal use of typcache.c only */
	int			flags;			/* flags about what we've computed */

	/*
	 * Private information about an enum type.  NULL if not enum or
	 * information hasn't been requested.
	 */
	struct TypeCacheEnumData *enumData;
} TypeCacheEntry;

/* Bit flags to indicate which fields a given caller needs to have set */
#define TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR			0x0001
#define TYPECACHE_LT_OPR			0x0002
#define TYPECACHE_GT_OPR			0x0004
#define TYPECACHE_CMP_PROC			0x0008
#define TYPECACHE_HASH_PROC			0x0010
#define TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR_FINFO		0x0020
#define TYPECACHE_CMP_PROC_FINFO	0x0040
#define TYPECACHE_HASH_PROC_FINFO	0x0080
#define TYPECACHE_TUPDESC			0x0100
#define TYPECACHE_BTREE_OPFAMILY	0x0200
#define TYPECACHE_HASH_OPFAMILY		0x0400
#define TYPECACHE_RANGE_INFO		0x0800

extern TypeCacheEntry *lookup_type_cache(Oid type_id, int flags);

extern TupleDesc lookup_rowtype_tupdesc(Oid type_id, int32 typmod);

extern TupleDesc lookup_rowtype_tupdesc_noerror(Oid type_id, int32 typmod,
							   bool noError);

extern TupleDesc lookup_rowtype_tupdesc_copy(Oid type_id, int32 typmod);

extern void assign_record_type_typmod(TupleDesc tupDesc);

extern int	compare_values_of_enum(TypeCacheEntry *tcache, Oid arg1, Oid arg2);

#endif   /* TYPCACHE_H */

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RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

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*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

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ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

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Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS Case Study Logos
CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More
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New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More
BBC Case Study Logos
The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

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Spectrum Case Study Logos
Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

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UN Case Study Logos
The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More
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The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

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Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Image 11-11-22 at 6.25 PM

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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