/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * selfuncs.h * Selectivity functions and index cost estimation functions for * standard operators and index access methods. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/selfuncs.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef SELFUNCS_H #define SELFUNCS_H #include "fmgr.h" #include "access/htup.h" #include "nodes/relation.h" /* * Note: the default selectivity estimates are not chosen entirely at random. * We want them to be small enough to ensure that indexscans will be used if * available, for typical table densities of ~100 tuples/page. Thus, for * example, 0.01 is not quite small enough, since that makes it appear that * nearly all pages will be hit anyway. Also, since we sometimes estimate * eqsel as 1/num_distinct, we probably want DEFAULT_NUM_DISTINCT to equal * 1/DEFAULT_EQ_SEL. */ /* default selectivity estimate for equalities such as "A = b" */ #define DEFAULT_EQ_SEL 0.005 /* default selectivity estimate for inequalities such as "A < b" */ #define DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL 0.3333333333333333 /* default selectivity estimate for range inequalities "A > b AND A < c" */ #define DEFAULT_RANGE_INEQ_SEL 0.005 /* default selectivity estimate for pattern-match operators such as LIKE */ #define DEFAULT_MATCH_SEL 0.005 /* default number of distinct values in a table */ #define DEFAULT_NUM_DISTINCT 200 /* default selectivity estimate for boolean and null test nodes */ #define DEFAULT_UNK_SEL 0.005 #define DEFAULT_NOT_UNK_SEL (1.0 - DEFAULT_UNK_SEL) /* * Clamp a computed probability estimate (which may suffer from roundoff or * estimation errors) to valid range. Argument must be a float variable. */ #define CLAMP_PROBABILITY(p) \ do { \ if (p < 0.0) \ p = 0.0; \ else if (p > 1.0) \ p = 1.0; \ } while (0) /* Return data from examine_variable and friends */ typedef struct VariableStatData { Node *var; /* the Var or expression tree */ RelOptInfo *rel; /* Relation, or NULL if not identifiable */ HeapTuple statsTuple; /* pg_statistic tuple, or NULL if none */ /* NB: if statsTuple!=NULL, it must be freed when caller is done */ void (*freefunc) (HeapTuple tuple); /* how to free statsTuple */ Oid vartype; /* exposed type of expression */ Oid atttype; /* type to pass to get_attstatsslot */ int32 atttypmod; /* typmod to pass to get_attstatsslot */ bool isunique; /* matches unique index or DISTINCT clause */ bool acl_ok; /* result of ACL check on table or column */ } VariableStatData; #define ReleaseVariableStats(vardata) \ do { \ if (HeapTupleIsValid((vardata).statsTuple)) \ (* (vardata).freefunc) ((vardata).statsTuple); \ } while(0) typedef enum { Pattern_Type_Like, Pattern_Type_Like_IC, Pattern_Type_Regex, Pattern_Type_Regex_IC } Pattern_Type; typedef enum { Pattern_Prefix_None, Pattern_Prefix_Partial, Pattern_Prefix_Exact } Pattern_Prefix_Status; /* Hooks for plugins to get control when we ask for stats */ typedef bool (*get_relation_stats_hook_type) (PlannerInfo *root, RangeTblEntry *rte, AttrNumber attnum, VariableStatData *vardata); extern PGDLLIMPORT get_relation_stats_hook_type get_relation_stats_hook; typedef bool (*get_index_stats_hook_type) (PlannerInfo *root, Oid indexOid, AttrNumber indexattnum, VariableStatData *vardata); extern PGDLLIMPORT get_index_stats_hook_type get_index_stats_hook; /* Functions in selfuncs.c */ extern void examine_variable(PlannerInfo *root, Node *node, int varRelid, VariableStatData *vardata); extern bool statistic_proc_security_check(VariableStatData *vardata, Oid func_oid); extern bool get_restriction_variable(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, int varRelid, VariableStatData *vardata, Node **other, bool *varonleft); extern void get_join_variables(PlannerInfo *root, List *args, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo, VariableStatData *vardata1, VariableStatData *vardata2, bool *join_is_reversed); extern double get_variable_numdistinct(VariableStatData *vardata, bool *isdefault); extern double mcv_selectivity(VariableStatData *vardata, FmgrInfo *opproc, Datum constval, bool varonleft, double *sumcommonp); extern double histogram_selectivity(VariableStatData *vardata, FmgrInfo *opproc, Datum constval, bool varonleft, int min_hist_size, int n_skip, int *hist_size); extern Pattern_Prefix_Status pattern_fixed_prefix(Const *patt, Pattern_Type ptype, Oid collation, Const **prefix, Selectivity *rest_selec); extern Const *make_greater_string(const Const *str_const, FmgrInfo *ltproc, Oid collation); extern Datum eqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum neqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum scalarltsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum scalargtsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum regexeqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icregexeqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum likesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum iclikesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum regexnesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icregexnesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum nlikesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icnlikesel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum eqjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum neqjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum scalarltjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum scalargtjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum regexeqjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icregexeqjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum likejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum iclikejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum regexnejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icregexnejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum nlikejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum icnlikejoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Selectivity booltestsel(PlannerInfo *root, BoolTestType booltesttype, Node *arg, int varRelid, JoinType jointype, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo); extern Selectivity nulltestsel(PlannerInfo *root, NullTestType nulltesttype, Node *arg, int varRelid, JoinType jointype, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo); extern Selectivity scalararraysel(PlannerInfo *root, ScalarArrayOpExpr *clause, bool is_join_clause, int varRelid, JoinType jointype, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo); extern int estimate_array_length(Node *arrayexpr); extern Selectivity rowcomparesel(PlannerInfo *root, RowCompareExpr *clause, int varRelid, JoinType jointype, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo); extern void mergejoinscansel(PlannerInfo *root, Node *clause, Oid opfamily, int strategy, bool nulls_first, Selectivity *leftstart, Selectivity *leftend, Selectivity *rightstart, Selectivity *rightend); extern double estimate_num_groups(PlannerInfo *root, List *groupExprs, double input_rows); extern Selectivity estimate_hash_bucketsize(PlannerInfo *root, Node *hashkey, double nbuckets); extern Datum btcostestimate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum hashcostestimate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum gistcostestimate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum spgcostestimate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum gincostestimate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* Functions in array_selfuncs.c */ extern Selectivity scalararraysel_containment(PlannerInfo *root, Node *leftop, Node *rightop, Oid elemtype, bool isEquality, bool useOr, int varRelid); extern Datum arraycontsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum arraycontjoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); #endif /* SELFUNCS_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media