/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * rangetypes.h * Declarations for Postgres range types. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/rangetypes.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef RANGETYPES_H #define RANGETYPES_H #include "utils/typcache.h" /* * Ranges are varlena objects, so must meet the varlena convention that * the first int32 of the object contains the total object size in bytes. * Be sure to use VARSIZE() and SET_VARSIZE() to access it, though! */ typedef struct { int32 vl_len_; /* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */ Oid rangetypid; /* range type's own OID */ /* Following the OID are zero to two bound values, then a flags byte */ } RangeType; /* Use this macro in preference to fetching rangetypid field directly */ #define RangeTypeGetOid(r) ((r)->rangetypid) /* A range's flags byte contains these bits: */ #define RANGE_EMPTY 0x01 /* range is empty */ #define RANGE_LB_INC 0x02 /* lower bound is inclusive */ #define RANGE_UB_INC 0x04 /* upper bound is inclusive */ #define RANGE_LB_INF 0x08 /* lower bound is -infinity */ #define RANGE_UB_INF 0x10 /* upper bound is +infinity */ #define RANGE_LB_NULL 0x20 /* lower bound is null (NOT USED) */ #define RANGE_UB_NULL 0x40 /* upper bound is null (NOT USED) */ #define RANGE_CONTAIN_EMPTY 0x80/* marks a GiST internal-page entry whose * subtree contains some empty ranges */ #define RANGE_HAS_LBOUND(flags) (!((flags) & (RANGE_EMPTY | \ RANGE_LB_NULL | \ RANGE_LB_INF))) #define RANGE_HAS_UBOUND(flags) (!((flags) & (RANGE_EMPTY | \ RANGE_UB_NULL | \ RANGE_UB_INF))) #define RangeIsEmpty(r) ((range_get_flags(r) & RANGE_EMPTY) != 0) #define RangeIsOrContainsEmpty(r) \ ((range_get_flags(r) & (RANGE_EMPTY | RANGE_CONTAIN_EMPTY)) != 0) /* Internal representation of either bound of a range (not what's on disk) */ typedef struct { Datum val; /* the bound value, if any */ bool infinite; /* bound is +/- infinity */ bool inclusive; /* bound is inclusive (vs exclusive) */ bool lower; /* this is the lower (vs upper) bound */ } RangeBound; /* * fmgr macros for range type objects */ #define DatumGetRangeType(X) ((RangeType *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X)) #define DatumGetRangeTypeCopy(X) ((RangeType *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X)) #define RangeTypeGetDatum(X) PointerGetDatum(X) #define PG_GETARG_RANGE(n) DatumGetRangeType(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_GETARG_RANGE_COPY(n) DatumGetRangeTypeCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_RETURN_RANGE(x) return RangeTypeGetDatum(x) /* * prototypes for functions defined in rangetypes.c */ /* I/O */ extern Datum range_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* constructors */ extern Datum range_constructor2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_constructor3(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* range -> subtype */ extern Datum range_lower(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_upper(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* range -> bool */ extern Datum range_empty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_lower_inc(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_upper_inc(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_lower_inf(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_upper_inf(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* range, element -> bool */ extern Datum range_contains_elem(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum elem_contained_by_range(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern bool range_contains_elem_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r, Datum val); /* range, range -> bool */ extern Datum range_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_contains(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_contained_by(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_after(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_adjacent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_overlaps(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_overleft(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_overright(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* internal versions of the above */ extern bool range_eq_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_ne_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_contains_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_contained_by_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_before_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_after_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_adjacent_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_overlaps_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_overleft_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); extern bool range_overright_internal(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *r1, RangeType *r2); /* range, range -> range */ extern Datum range_minus(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_intersect(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* BTree support */ extern Datum range_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* Hash support */ extern Datum hash_range(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* ANALYZE support */ extern Datum range_typanalyze(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* Canonical functions */ extern Datum int4range_canonical(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum int8range_canonical(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum daterange_canonical(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* Subtype Difference functions */ extern Datum int4range_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum int8range_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum numrange_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum daterange_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum tsrange_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum tstzrange_subdiff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* assorted support functions */ extern TypeCacheEntry *range_get_typcache(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, Oid rngtypid); extern RangeType *range_serialize(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeBound *lower, RangeBound *upper, bool empty); extern void range_deserialize(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeType *range, RangeBound *lower, RangeBound *upper, bool *empty); extern char range_get_flags(RangeType *range); extern void range_set_contain_empty(RangeType *range); extern RangeType *make_range(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeBound *lower, RangeBound *upper, bool empty); extern int range_cmp_bounds(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeBound *b1, RangeBound *b2); extern int range_cmp_bound_values(TypeCacheEntry *typcache, RangeBound *b1, RangeBound *b2); extern RangeType *make_empty_range(TypeCacheEntry *typcache); /* GiST support (in rangetypes_gist.c) */ extern Datum range_gist_consistent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_compress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_decompress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_penalty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_picksplit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum range_gist_same(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); #endif /* RANGETYPES_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.103

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media