/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * portal.h * POSTGRES portal definitions. * * A portal is an abstraction which represents the execution state of * a running or runnable query. Portals support both SQL-level CURSORs * and protocol-level portals. * * Scrolling (nonsequential access) and suspension of execution are allowed * only for portals that contain a single SELECT-type query. We do not want * to let the client suspend an update-type query partway through! Because * the query rewriter does not allow arbitrary ON SELECT rewrite rules, * only queries that were originally update-type could produce multiple * plan trees; so the restriction to a single query is not a problem * in practice. * * For SQL cursors, we support three kinds of scroll behavior: * * (1) Neither NO SCROLL nor SCROLL was specified: to remain backward * compatible, we allow backward fetches here, unless it would * impose additional runtime overhead to do so. * * (2) NO SCROLL was specified: don't allow any backward fetches. * * (3) SCROLL was specified: allow all kinds of backward fetches, even * if we need to take a performance hit to do so. (The planner sticks * a Materialize node atop the query plan if needed.) * * Case #1 is converted to #2 or #3 by looking at the query itself and * determining if scrollability can be supported without additional * overhead. * * Protocol-level portals have no nonsequential-fetch API and so the * distinction doesn't matter for them. They are always initialized * to look like NO SCROLL cursors. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/portal.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef PORTAL_H #define PORTAL_H #include "datatype/timestamp.h" #include "executor/execdesc.h" #include "utils/resowner.h" /* * We have several execution strategies for Portals, depending on what * query or queries are to be executed. (Note: in all cases, a Portal * executes just a single source-SQL query, and thus produces just a * single result from the user's viewpoint. However, the rule rewriter * may expand the single source query to zero or many actual queries.) * * PORTAL_ONE_SELECT: the portal contains one single SELECT query. We run * the Executor incrementally as results are demanded. This strategy also * supports holdable cursors (the Executor results can be dumped into a * tuplestore for access after transaction completion). * * PORTAL_ONE_RETURNING: the portal contains a single INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE * query with a RETURNING clause (plus possibly auxiliary queries added by * rule rewriting). On first execution, we run the portal to completion * and dump the primary query's results into the portal tuplestore; the * results are then returned to the client as demanded. (We can't support * suspension of the query partway through, because the AFTER TRIGGER code * can't cope, and also because we don't want to risk failing to execute * all the auxiliary queries.) * * PORTAL_ONE_MOD_WITH: the portal contains one single SELECT query, but * it has data-modifying CTEs. This is currently treated the same as the * PORTAL_ONE_RETURNING case because of the possibility of needing to fire * triggers. It may act more like PORTAL_ONE_SELECT in future. * * PORTAL_UTIL_SELECT: the portal contains a utility statement that returns * a SELECT-like result (for example, EXPLAIN or SHOW). On first execution, * we run the statement and dump its results into the portal tuplestore; * the results are then returned to the client as demanded. * * PORTAL_MULTI_QUERY: all other cases. Here, we do not support partial * execution: the portal's queries will be run to completion on first call. */ typedef enum PortalStrategy { PORTAL_ONE_SELECT, PORTAL_ONE_RETURNING, PORTAL_ONE_MOD_WITH, PORTAL_UTIL_SELECT, PORTAL_MULTI_QUERY } PortalStrategy; /* * A portal is always in one of these states. It is possible to transit * from ACTIVE back to READY if the query is not run to completion; * otherwise we never back up in status. */ typedef enum PortalStatus { PORTAL_NEW, /* freshly created */ PORTAL_DEFINED, /* PortalDefineQuery done */ PORTAL_READY, /* PortalStart complete, can run it */ PORTAL_ACTIVE, /* portal is running (can't delete it) */ PORTAL_DONE, /* portal is finished (don't re-run it) */ PORTAL_FAILED /* portal got error (can't re-run it) */ } PortalStatus; typedef struct PortalData *Portal; typedef struct PortalData { /* Bookkeeping data */ const char *name; /* portal's name */ const char *prepStmtName; /* source prepared statement (NULL if none) */ MemoryContext heap; /* subsidiary memory for portal */ ResourceOwner resowner; /* resources owned by portal */ void (*cleanup) (Portal portal); /* cleanup hook */ /* * State data for remembering which subtransaction(s) the portal was * created or used in. If the portal is held over from a previous * transaction, both subxids are InvalidSubTransactionId. Otherwise, * createSubid is the creating subxact and activeSubid is the last subxact * in which we ran the portal. */ SubTransactionId createSubid; /* the creating subxact */ /* The query or queries the portal will execute */ const char *sourceText; /* text of query (as of 8.4, never NULL) */ const char *commandTag; /* command tag for original query */ List *stmts; /* PlannedStmts and/or utility statements */ CachedPlan *cplan; /* CachedPlan, if stmts are from one */ ParamListInfo portalParams; /* params to pass to query */ /* Features/options */ PortalStrategy strategy; /* see above */ int cursorOptions; /* DECLARE CURSOR option bits */ /* Status data */ PortalStatus status; /* see above */ bool portalPinned; /* a pinned portal can't be dropped */ /* If not NULL, Executor is active; call ExecutorEnd eventually: */ QueryDesc *queryDesc; /* info needed for executor invocation */ /* If portal returns tuples, this is their tupdesc: */ TupleDesc tupDesc; /* descriptor for result tuples */ /* and these are the format codes to use for the columns: */ int16 *formats; /* a format code for each column */ /* * Where we store tuples for a held cursor or a PORTAL_ONE_RETURNING or * PORTAL_UTIL_SELECT query. (A cursor held past the end of its * transaction no longer has any active executor state.) */ Tuplestorestate *holdStore; /* store for holdable cursors */ MemoryContext holdContext; /* memory containing holdStore */ /* * atStart, atEnd and portalPos indicate the current cursor position. * portalPos is zero before the first row, N after fetching N'th row of * query. After we run off the end, portalPos = # of rows in query, and * atEnd is true. If portalPos overflows, set posOverflow (this causes us * to stop relying on its value for navigation). Note that atStart * implies portalPos == 0, but not the reverse (portalPos could have * overflowed). */ bool atStart; bool atEnd; bool posOverflow; long portalPos; /* Presentation data, primarily used by the pg_cursors system view */ TimestampTz creation_time; /* time at which this portal was defined */ bool visible; /* include this portal in pg_cursors? */ /* * This field belongs with createSubid, but in pre-9.5 branches, add it * at the end to avoid creating an ABI break for extensions that examine * Portal structs. */ SubTransactionId activeSubid; /* the last subxact with activity */ } PortalData; /* * PortalIsValid * True iff portal is valid. */ #define PortalIsValid(p) PointerIsValid(p) /* * Access macros for Portal ... use these in preference to field access. */ #define PortalGetQueryDesc(portal) ((portal)->queryDesc) #define PortalGetHeapMemory(portal) ((portal)->heap) #define PortalGetPrimaryStmt(portal) PortalListGetPrimaryStmt((portal)->stmts) /* Prototypes for functions in utils/mmgr/portalmem.c */ extern void EnablePortalManager(void); extern bool PreCommit_Portals(bool isPrepare); extern void AtAbort_Portals(void); extern void AtCleanup_Portals(void); extern void AtSubCommit_Portals(SubTransactionId mySubid, SubTransactionId parentSubid, ResourceOwner parentXactOwner); extern void AtSubAbort_Portals(SubTransactionId mySubid, SubTransactionId parentSubid, ResourceOwner myXactOwner, ResourceOwner parentXactOwner); extern void AtSubCleanup_Portals(SubTransactionId mySubid); extern Portal CreatePortal(const char *name, bool allowDup, bool dupSilent); extern Portal CreateNewPortal(void); extern void PinPortal(Portal portal); extern void UnpinPortal(Portal portal); extern void MarkPortalActive(Portal portal); extern void MarkPortalDone(Portal portal); extern void MarkPortalFailed(Portal portal); extern void PortalDrop(Portal portal, bool isTopCommit); extern Portal GetPortalByName(const char *name); extern void PortalDefineQuery(Portal portal, const char *prepStmtName, const char *sourceText, const char *commandTag, List *stmts, CachedPlan *cplan); extern Node *PortalListGetPrimaryStmt(List *stmts); extern void PortalCreateHoldStore(Portal portal); extern void PortalHashTableDeleteAll(void); #endif /* PORTAL_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.103

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media