/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * plancache.h * Plan cache definitions. * * See plancache.c for comments. * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/plancache.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef PLANCACHE_H #define PLANCACHE_H #include "access/tupdesc.h" #include "nodes/params.h" #define CACHEDPLANSOURCE_MAGIC 195726186 #define CACHEDPLAN_MAGIC 953717834 /* * CachedPlanSource (which might better have been called CachedQuery) * represents a SQL query that we expect to use multiple times. It stores * the query source text, the raw parse tree, and the analyzed-and-rewritten * query tree, as well as adjunct data. Cache invalidation can happen as a * result of DDL affecting objects used by the query. In that case we discard * the analyzed-and-rewritten query tree, and rebuild it when next needed. * * An actual execution plan, represented by CachedPlan, is derived from the * CachedPlanSource when we need to execute the query. The plan could be * either generic (usable with any set of plan parameters) or custom (for a * specific set of parameters). plancache.c contains the logic that decides * which way to do it for any particular execution. If we are using a generic * cached plan then it is meant to be re-used across multiple executions, so * callers must always treat CachedPlans as read-only. * * Once successfully built and "saved", CachedPlanSources typically live * for the life of the backend, although they can be dropped explicitly. * CachedPlans are reference-counted and go away automatically when the last * reference is dropped. A CachedPlan can outlive the CachedPlanSource it * was created from. * * An "unsaved" CachedPlanSource can be used for generating plans, but it * lives in transient storage and will not be updated in response to sinval * events. * * CachedPlans made from saved CachedPlanSources are likewise in permanent * storage, so to avoid memory leaks, the reference-counted references to them * must be held in permanent data structures or ResourceOwners. CachedPlans * made from unsaved CachedPlanSources are in children of the caller's * memory context, so references to them should not be longer-lived than * that context. (Reference counting is somewhat pro forma in that case, * though it may be useful if the CachedPlan can be discarded early.) * * A CachedPlanSource has two associated memory contexts: one that holds the * struct itself, the query source text and the raw parse tree, and another * context that holds the rewritten query tree and associated data. This * allows the query tree to be discarded easily when it is invalidated. * * Some callers wish to use the CachedPlan API even with one-shot queries * that have no reason to be saved at all. We therefore support a "oneshot" * variant that does no data copying or invalidation checking. In this case * there are no separate memory contexts: the CachedPlanSource struct and * all subsidiary data live in the caller's CurrentMemoryContext, and there * is no way to free memory short of clearing that entire context. A oneshot * plan is always treated as unsaved. * * Note: the string referenced by commandTag is not subsidiary storage; * it is assumed to be a compile-time-constant string. As with portals, * commandTag shall be NULL if and only if the original query string (before * rewriting) was an empty string. */ typedef struct CachedPlanSource { int magic; /* should equal CACHEDPLANSOURCE_MAGIC */ Node *raw_parse_tree; /* output of raw_parser(), or NULL */ const char *query_string; /* source text of query */ const char *commandTag; /* command tag (a constant!), or NULL */ Oid *param_types; /* array of parameter type OIDs, or NULL */ int num_params; /* length of param_types array */ ParserSetupHook parserSetup; /* alternative parameter spec method */ void *parserSetupArg; int cursor_options; /* cursor options used for planning */ bool fixed_result; /* disallow change in result tupdesc? */ TupleDesc resultDesc; /* result type; NULL = doesn't return tuples */ struct OverrideSearchPath *search_path; /* saved search_path */ MemoryContext context; /* memory context holding all above */ /* These fields describe the current analyzed-and-rewritten query tree: */ List *query_list; /* list of Query nodes, or NIL if not valid */ List *relationOids; /* OIDs of relations the queries depend on */ List *invalItems; /* other dependencies, as PlanInvalItems */ MemoryContext query_context; /* context holding the above, or NULL */ /* If we have a generic plan, this is a reference-counted link to it: */ struct CachedPlan *gplan; /* generic plan, or NULL if not valid */ /* Some state flags: */ bool is_complete; /* has CompleteCachedPlan been done? */ bool is_saved; /* has CachedPlanSource been "saved"? */ bool is_valid; /* is the query_list currently valid? */ bool is_oneshot; /* is it a "oneshot" plan? */ int generation; /* increments each time we create a plan */ /* If CachedPlanSource has been saved, it is a member of a global list */ struct CachedPlanSource *next_saved; /* list link, if so */ /* State kept to help decide whether to use custom or generic plans: */ double generic_cost; /* cost of generic plan, or -1 if not known */ double total_custom_cost; /* total cost of custom plans so far */ int num_custom_plans; /* number of plans included in total */ } CachedPlanSource; /* * CachedPlan represents an execution plan derived from a CachedPlanSource. * The reference count includes both the link from the parent CachedPlanSource * (if any), and any active plan executions, so the plan can be discarded * exactly when refcount goes to zero. Both the struct itself and the * subsidiary data live in the context denoted by the context field. * This makes it easy to free a no-longer-needed cached plan. (However, * if is_oneshot is true, the context does not belong solely to the CachedPlan * so no freeing is possible.) */ typedef struct CachedPlan { int magic; /* should equal CACHEDPLAN_MAGIC */ List *stmt_list; /* list of statement nodes (PlannedStmts and * bare utility statements) */ bool is_saved; /* is CachedPlan in a long-lived context? */ bool is_valid; /* is the stmt_list currently valid? */ bool is_oneshot; /* is it a "oneshot" plan? */ TransactionId saved_xmin; /* if valid, replan when TransactionXmin * changes from this value */ int generation; /* parent's generation number for this plan */ int refcount; /* count of live references to this struct */ MemoryContext context; /* context containing this CachedPlan */ } CachedPlan; extern void InitPlanCache(void); extern void ResetPlanCache(void); extern CachedPlanSource *CreateCachedPlan(Node *raw_parse_tree, const char *query_string, const char *commandTag); extern CachedPlanSource *CreateOneShotCachedPlan(Node *raw_parse_tree, const char *query_string, const char *commandTag); extern void CompleteCachedPlan(CachedPlanSource *plansource, List *querytree_list, MemoryContext querytree_context, Oid *param_types, int num_params, ParserSetupHook parserSetup, void *parserSetupArg, int cursor_options, bool fixed_result); extern void SaveCachedPlan(CachedPlanSource *plansource); extern void DropCachedPlan(CachedPlanSource *plansource); extern void CachedPlanSetParentContext(CachedPlanSource *plansource, MemoryContext newcontext); extern CachedPlanSource *CopyCachedPlan(CachedPlanSource *plansource); extern bool CachedPlanIsValid(CachedPlanSource *plansource); extern List *CachedPlanGetTargetList(CachedPlanSource *plansource); extern CachedPlan *GetCachedPlan(CachedPlanSource *plansource, ParamListInfo boundParams, bool useResOwner); extern void ReleaseCachedPlan(CachedPlan *plan, bool useResOwner); #endif /* PLANCACHE_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.103

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media