/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * elog.h * POSTGRES error reporting/logging definitions. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/elog.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef ELOG_H #define ELOG_H #include <setjmp.h> /* Error level codes */ #define DEBUG5 10 /* Debugging messages, in categories of * decreasing detail. */ #define DEBUG4 11 #define DEBUG3 12 #define DEBUG2 13 #define DEBUG1 14 /* used by GUC debug_* variables */ #define LOG 15 /* Server operational messages; sent only to * server log by default. */ #define COMMERROR 16 /* Client communication problems; same as LOG * for server reporting, but never sent to * client. */ #define INFO 17 /* Messages specifically requested by user (eg * VACUUM VERBOSE output); always sent to * client regardless of client_min_messages, * but by default not sent to server log. */ #define NOTICE 18 /* Helpful messages to users about query * operation; sent to client and server log by * default. */ #define WARNING 19 /* Warnings. NOTICE is for expected messages * like implicit sequence creation by SERIAL. * WARNING is for unexpected messages. */ #define ERROR 20 /* user error - abort transaction; return to * known state */ /* Save ERROR value in PGERROR so it can be restored when Win32 includes * modify it. We have to use a constant rather than ERROR because macros * are expanded only when referenced outside macros. */ #ifdef WIN32 #define PGERROR 20 #endif #define FATAL 21 /* fatal error - abort process */ #define PANIC 22 /* take down the other backends with me */ /* #define DEBUG DEBUG1 */ /* Backward compatibility with pre-7.3 */ /* macros for representing SQLSTATE strings compactly */ #define PGSIXBIT(ch) (((ch) - '0') & 0x3F) #define PGUNSIXBIT(val) (((val) & 0x3F) + '0') #define MAKE_SQLSTATE(ch1,ch2,ch3,ch4,ch5) \ (PGSIXBIT(ch1) + (PGSIXBIT(ch2) << 6) + (PGSIXBIT(ch3) << 12) + \ (PGSIXBIT(ch4) << 18) + (PGSIXBIT(ch5) << 24)) /* These macros depend on the fact that '0' becomes a zero in SIXBIT */ #define ERRCODE_TO_CATEGORY(ec) ((ec) & ((1 << 12) - 1)) #define ERRCODE_IS_CATEGORY(ec) (((ec) & ~((1 << 12) - 1)) == 0) /* SQLSTATE codes for errors are defined in a separate file */ #include "utils/errcodes.h" /* Which __func__ symbol do we have, if any? */ #ifdef HAVE_FUNCNAME__FUNC #define PG_FUNCNAME_MACRO __func__ #else #ifdef HAVE_FUNCNAME__FUNCTION #define PG_FUNCNAME_MACRO __FUNCTION__ #else #define PG_FUNCNAME_MACRO NULL #endif #endif /*---------- * New-style error reporting API: to be used in this way: * ereport(ERROR, * (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_CURSOR), * errmsg("portal \"%s\" not found", stmt->portalname), * ... other errxxx() fields as needed ...)); * * The error level is required, and so is a primary error message (errmsg * or errmsg_internal). All else is optional. errcode() defaults to * ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR if elevel is ERROR or more, ERRCODE_WARNING * if elevel is WARNING, or ERRCODE_SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION if elevel is * NOTICE or below. * * ereport_domain() allows a message domain to be specified, for modules that * wish to use a different message catalog from the backend's. To avoid having * one copy of the default text domain per .o file, we define it as NULL here * and have errstart insert the default text domain. Modules can either use * ereport_domain() directly, or preferably they can override the TEXTDOMAIN * macro. *---------- */ #define ereport_domain(elevel, domain, rest) \ (errstart(elevel, __FILE__, __LINE__, PG_FUNCNAME_MACRO, domain) ? \ (errfinish rest) : (void) 0) #define ereport(elevel, rest) \ ereport_domain(elevel, TEXTDOMAIN, rest) #define TEXTDOMAIN NULL extern bool errstart(int elevel, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *funcname, const char *domain); extern void errfinish(int dummy,...); extern int errcode(int sqlerrcode); extern int errcode_for_file_access(void); extern int errcode_for_socket_access(void); extern int errmsg(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errmsg_internal(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errmsg_plural(const char *fmt_singular, const char *fmt_plural, unsigned long n,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 4))) __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 2, 4))); extern int errdetail(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errdetail_internal(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errdetail_log(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errdetail_plural(const char *fmt_singular, const char *fmt_plural, unsigned long n,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 4))) __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 2, 4))); extern int errhint(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errcontext(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); extern int errhidestmt(bool hide_stmt); extern int errfunction(const char *funcname); extern int errposition(int cursorpos); extern int internalerrposition(int cursorpos); extern int internalerrquery(const char *query); extern int geterrcode(void); extern int geterrposition(void); extern int getinternalerrposition(void); /*---------- * Old-style error reporting API: to be used in this way: * elog(ERROR, "portal \"%s\" not found", stmt->portalname); *---------- */ #define elog elog_start(__FILE__, __LINE__, PG_FUNCNAME_MACRO), elog_finish extern void elog_start(const char *filename, int lineno, const char *funcname); extern void elog_finish(int elevel, const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 2, 3))); /* Support for constructing error strings separately from ereport() calls */ extern void pre_format_elog_string(int errnumber, const char *domain); extern char * format_elog_string(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); /* Support for attaching context information to error reports */ typedef struct ErrorContextCallback { struct ErrorContextCallback *previous; void (*callback) (void *arg); void *arg; } ErrorContextCallback; extern PGDLLIMPORT ErrorContextCallback *error_context_stack; /*---------- * API for catching ereport(ERROR) exits. Use these macros like so: * * PG_TRY(); * { * ... code that might throw ereport(ERROR) ... * } * PG_CATCH(); * { * ... error recovery code ... * } * PG_END_TRY(); * * (The braces are not actually necessary, but are recommended so that * pg_indent will indent the construct nicely.) The error recovery code * can optionally do PG_RE_THROW() to propagate the same error outwards. * * Note: while the system will correctly propagate any new ereport(ERROR) * occurring in the recovery section, there is a small limit on the number * of levels this will work for. It's best to keep the error recovery * section simple enough that it can't generate any new errors, at least * not before popping the error stack. * * Note: an ereport(FATAL) will not be caught by this construct; control will * exit straight through proc_exit(). Therefore, do NOT put any cleanup * of non-process-local resources into the error recovery section, at least * not without taking thought for what will happen during ereport(FATAL). * The PG_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP macros provided by storage/ipc.h may be * helpful in such cases. *---------- */ #define PG_TRY() \ do { \ sigjmp_buf *save_exception_stack = PG_exception_stack; \ ErrorContextCallback *save_context_stack = error_context_stack; \ sigjmp_buf local_sigjmp_buf; \ if (sigsetjmp(local_sigjmp_buf, 0) == 0) \ { \ PG_exception_stack = &local_sigjmp_buf #define PG_CATCH() \ } \ else \ { \ PG_exception_stack = save_exception_stack; \ error_context_stack = save_context_stack #define PG_END_TRY() \ } \ PG_exception_stack = save_exception_stack; \ error_context_stack = save_context_stack; \ } while (0) /* * gcc understands __attribute__((noreturn)); for other compilers, insert * a useless exit() call so that the compiler gets the point. */ #ifdef __GNUC__ #define PG_RE_THROW() \ pg_re_throw() #else #define PG_RE_THROW() \ (pg_re_throw(), exit(1)) #endif extern PGDLLIMPORT sigjmp_buf *PG_exception_stack; /* Stuff that error handlers might want to use */ /* * ErrorData holds the data accumulated during any one ereport() cycle. * Any non-NULL pointers must point to palloc'd data. * (The const pointers are an exception; we assume they point at non-freeable * constant strings.) */ typedef struct ErrorData { int elevel; /* error level */ bool output_to_server; /* will report to server log? */ bool output_to_client; /* will report to client? */ bool show_funcname; /* true to force funcname inclusion */ bool hide_stmt; /* true to prevent STATEMENT: inclusion */ const char *filename; /* __FILE__ of ereport() call */ int lineno; /* __LINE__ of ereport() call */ const char *funcname; /* __func__ of ereport() call */ const char *domain; /* message domain */ int sqlerrcode; /* encoded ERRSTATE */ char *message; /* primary error message */ char *detail; /* detail error message */ char *detail_log; /* detail error message for server log only */ char *hint; /* hint message */ char *context; /* context message */ int cursorpos; /* cursor index into query string */ int internalpos; /* cursor index into internalquery */ char *internalquery; /* text of internally-generated query */ int saved_errno; /* errno at entry */ } ErrorData; extern void EmitErrorReport(void); extern ErrorData *CopyErrorData(void); extern void FreeErrorData(ErrorData *edata); extern void FlushErrorState(void); extern void ReThrowError(ErrorData *edata) __attribute__((noreturn)); extern void pg_re_throw(void) __attribute__((noreturn)); /* Hook for intercepting messages before they are sent to the server log */ typedef void (*emit_log_hook_type) (ErrorData *edata); extern PGDLLIMPORT emit_log_hook_type emit_log_hook; /* GUC-configurable parameters */ typedef enum { PGERROR_TERSE, /* single-line error messages */ PGERROR_DEFAULT, /* recommended style */ PGERROR_VERBOSE /* all the facts, ma'am */ } PGErrorVerbosity; extern int Log_error_verbosity; extern char *Log_line_prefix; extern int Log_destination; /* Log destination bitmap */ #define LOG_DESTINATION_STDERR 1 #define LOG_DESTINATION_SYSLOG 2 #define LOG_DESTINATION_EVENTLOG 4 #define LOG_DESTINATION_CSVLOG 8 /* Other exported functions */ extern void DebugFileOpen(void); extern char *unpack_sql_state(int sql_state); extern bool in_error_recursion_trouble(void); #ifdef HAVE_SYSLOG extern void set_syslog_parameters(const char *ident, int facility); #endif /* * Write errors to stderr (or by equal means when stderr is * not available). Used before ereport/elog can be used * safely (memory context, GUC load etc) */ extern void write_stderr(const char *fmt,...) /* This extension allows gcc to check the format string for consistency with the supplied arguments. */ __attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2))); #endif /* ELOG_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media