/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * catcache.h * Low-level catalog cache definitions. * * NOTE: every catalog cache must have a corresponding unique index on * the system table that it caches --- ie, the index must match the keys * used to do lookups in this cache. All cache fetches are done with * indexscans (under normal conditions). The index should be unique to * guarantee that there can only be one matching row for a key combination. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/catcache.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef CATCACHE_H #define CATCACHE_H #include "access/htup.h" #include "access/skey.h" #include "lib/dllist.h" #include "utils/relcache.h" /* * struct catctup: individual tuple in the cache. * struct catclist: list of tuples matching a partial key. * struct catcache: information for managing a cache. * struct catcacheheader: information for managing all the caches. */ #define CATCACHE_MAXKEYS 4 typedef struct catcache { int id; /* cache identifier --- see syscache.h */ struct catcache *cc_next; /* link to next catcache */ const char *cc_relname; /* name of relation the tuples come from */ Oid cc_reloid; /* OID of relation the tuples come from */ Oid cc_indexoid; /* OID of index matching cache keys */ bool cc_relisshared; /* is relation shared across databases? */ TupleDesc cc_tupdesc; /* tuple descriptor (copied from reldesc) */ int cc_ntup; /* # of tuples currently in this cache */ int cc_nbuckets; /* # of hash buckets in this cache */ int cc_nkeys; /* # of keys (1..CATCACHE_MAXKEYS) */ int cc_key[CATCACHE_MAXKEYS]; /* AttrNumber of each key */ PGFunction cc_hashfunc[CATCACHE_MAXKEYS]; /* hash function for each key */ ScanKeyData cc_skey[CATCACHE_MAXKEYS]; /* precomputed key info for * heap scans */ bool cc_isname[CATCACHE_MAXKEYS]; /* flag "name" key columns */ Dllist cc_lists; /* list of CatCList structs */ #ifdef CATCACHE_STATS long cc_searches; /* total # searches against this cache */ long cc_hits; /* # of matches against existing entry */ long cc_neg_hits; /* # of matches against negative entry */ long cc_newloads; /* # of successful loads of new entry */ /* * cc_searches - (cc_hits + cc_neg_hits + cc_newloads) is number of failed * searches, each of which will result in loading a negative entry */ long cc_invals; /* # of entries invalidated from cache */ long cc_lsearches; /* total # list-searches */ long cc_lhits; /* # of matches against existing lists */ #endif Dllist cc_bucket[1]; /* hash buckets --- VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAY */ } CatCache; /* VARIABLE LENGTH STRUCT */ typedef struct catctup { int ct_magic; /* for identifying CatCTup entries */ #define CT_MAGIC 0x57261502 CatCache *my_cache; /* link to owning catcache */ /* * Each tuple in a cache is a member of a Dllist that stores the elements * of its hash bucket. We keep each Dllist in LRU order to speed repeated * lookups. */ Dlelem cache_elem; /* list member of per-bucket list */ /* * The tuple may also be a member of at most one CatCList. (If a single * catcache is list-searched with varying numbers of keys, we may have to * make multiple entries for the same tuple because of this restriction. * Currently, that's not expected to be common, so we accept the potential * inefficiency.) */ struct catclist *c_list; /* containing CatCList, or NULL if none */ /* * A tuple marked "dead" must not be returned by subsequent searches. * However, it won't be physically deleted from the cache until its * refcount goes to zero. (If it's a member of a CatCList, the list's * refcount must go to zero, too; also, remember to mark the list dead at * the same time the tuple is marked.) * * A negative cache entry is an assertion that there is no tuple matching * a particular key. This is just as useful as a normal entry so far as * avoiding catalog searches is concerned. Management of positive and * negative entries is identical. */ int refcount; /* number of active references */ bool dead; /* dead but not yet removed? */ bool negative; /* negative cache entry? */ uint32 hash_value; /* hash value for this tuple's keys */ HeapTupleData tuple; /* tuple management header */ } CatCTup; typedef struct catclist { int cl_magic; /* for identifying CatCList entries */ #define CL_MAGIC 0x52765103 CatCache *my_cache; /* link to owning catcache */ /* * A CatCList describes the result of a partial search, ie, a search using * only the first K key columns of an N-key cache. We form the keys used * into a tuple (with other attributes NULL) to represent the stored key * set. The CatCList object contains links to cache entries for all the * table rows satisfying the partial key. (Note: none of these will be * negative cache entries.) * * A CatCList is only a member of a per-cache list; we do not currently * divide them into hash buckets. * * A list marked "dead" must not be returned by subsequent searches. * However, it won't be physically deleted from the cache until its * refcount goes to zero. (A list should be marked dead if any of its * member entries are dead.) * * If "ordered" is true then the member tuples appear in the order of the * cache's underlying index. This will be true in normal operation, but * might not be true during bootstrap or recovery operations. (namespace.c * is able to save some cycles when it is true.) */ Dlelem cache_elem; /* list member of per-catcache list */ int refcount; /* number of active references */ bool dead; /* dead but not yet removed? */ bool ordered; /* members listed in index order? */ short nkeys; /* number of lookup keys specified */ uint32 hash_value; /* hash value for lookup keys */ HeapTupleData tuple; /* header for tuple holding keys */ int n_members; /* number of member tuples */ CatCTup *members[1]; /* members --- VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAY */ } CatCList; /* VARIABLE LENGTH STRUCT */ typedef struct catcacheheader { CatCache *ch_caches; /* head of list of CatCache structs */ int ch_ntup; /* # of tuples in all caches */ } CatCacheHeader; /* this extern duplicates utils/memutils.h... */ extern PGDLLIMPORT MemoryContext CacheMemoryContext; extern void CreateCacheMemoryContext(void); extern CatCache *InitCatCache(int id, Oid reloid, Oid indexoid, int nkeys, const int *key, int nbuckets); extern void InitCatCachePhase2(CatCache *cache, bool touch_index); extern HeapTuple SearchCatCache(CatCache *cache, Datum v1, Datum v2, Datum v3, Datum v4); extern void ReleaseCatCache(HeapTuple tuple); extern uint32 GetCatCacheHashValue(CatCache *cache, Datum v1, Datum v2, Datum v3, Datum v4); extern CatCList *SearchCatCacheList(CatCache *cache, int nkeys, Datum v1, Datum v2, Datum v3, Datum v4); extern void ReleaseCatCacheList(CatCList *list); extern void ResetCatalogCaches(void); extern void CatalogCacheFlushCatalog(Oid catId); extern void CatalogCacheIdInvalidate(int cacheId, uint32 hashValue); extern void PrepareToInvalidateCacheTuple(Relation relation, HeapTuple tuple, HeapTuple newtuple, void (*function) (int, uint32, Oid)); extern void PrintCatCacheLeakWarning(HeapTuple tuple); extern void PrintCatCacheListLeakWarning(CatCList *list); #endif /* CATCACHE_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media