/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * array.h * Declarations for Postgres arrays. * * A standard varlena array has the following internal structure: * <vl_len_> - standard varlena header word * <ndim> - number of dimensions of the array * <dataoffset> - offset to stored data, or 0 if no nulls bitmap * <elemtype> - element type OID * <dimensions> - length of each array axis (C array of int) * <lower bnds> - lower boundary of each dimension (C array of int) * <null bitmap> - bitmap showing locations of nulls (OPTIONAL) * <actual data> - whatever is the stored data * * The <dimensions> and <lower bnds> arrays each have ndim elements. * * The <null bitmap> may be omitted if the array contains no NULL elements. * If it is absent, the <dataoffset> field is zero and the offset to the * stored data must be computed on-the-fly. If the bitmap is present, * <dataoffset> is nonzero and is equal to the offset from the array start * to the first data element (including any alignment padding). The bitmap * follows the same conventions as tuple null bitmaps, ie, a 1 indicates * a non-null entry and the LSB of each bitmap byte is used first. * * The actual data starts on a MAXALIGN boundary. Individual items in the * array are aligned as specified by the array element type. They are * stored in row-major order (last subscript varies most rapidly). * * NOTE: it is important that array elements of toastable datatypes NOT be * toasted, since the tupletoaster won't know they are there. (We could * support compressed toasted items; only out-of-line items are dangerous. * However, it seems preferable to store such items uncompressed and allow * the toaster to compress the whole array as one input.) * * * The OIDVECTOR and INT2VECTOR datatypes are storage-compatible with * generic arrays, but they support only one-dimensional arrays with no * nulls (and no null bitmap). * * There are also some "fixed-length array" datatypes, such as NAME and * POINT. These are simply a sequence of a fixed number of items each * of a fixed-length datatype, with no overhead; the item size must be * a multiple of its alignment requirement, because we do no padding. * We support subscripting on these types, but array_in() and array_out() * only work with varlena arrays. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/array.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef ARRAY_H #define ARRAY_H #include "fmgr.h" /* * Maximum number of elements in an array. We limit this to at most about a * quarter billion elements, so that it's not necessary to check for overflow * in quite so many places --- for instance when palloc'ing Datum arrays. */ #define MaxArraySize ((Size) (MaxAllocSize / sizeof(Datum))) /* * Arrays are varlena objects, so must meet the varlena convention that * the first int32 of the object contains the total object size in bytes. * Be sure to use VARSIZE() and SET_VARSIZE() to access it, though! * * CAUTION: if you change the header for ordinary arrays you will also * need to change the headers for oidvector and int2vector! */ typedef struct { int32 vl_len_; /* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */ int ndim; /* # of dimensions */ int32 dataoffset; /* offset to data, or 0 if no bitmap */ Oid elemtype; /* element type OID */ } ArrayType; /* * working state for accumArrayResult() and friends */ typedef struct ArrayBuildState { MemoryContext mcontext; /* where all the temp stuff is kept */ Datum *dvalues; /* array of accumulated Datums */ bool *dnulls; /* array of is-null flags for Datums */ int alen; /* allocated length of above arrays */ int nelems; /* number of valid entries in above arrays */ Oid element_type; /* data type of the Datums */ int16 typlen; /* needed info about datatype */ bool typbyval; char typalign; } ArrayBuildState; /* * structure to cache type metadata needed for array manipulation */ typedef struct ArrayMetaState { Oid element_type; int16 typlen; bool typbyval; char typalign; char typdelim; Oid typioparam; Oid typiofunc; FmgrInfo proc; } ArrayMetaState; /* * private state needed by array_map (here because caller must provide it) */ typedef struct ArrayMapState { ArrayMetaState inp_extra; ArrayMetaState ret_extra; } ArrayMapState; /* ArrayIteratorData is private in arrayfuncs.c */ typedef struct ArrayIteratorData *ArrayIterator; /* * fmgr macros for array objects */ #define DatumGetArrayTypeP(X) ((ArrayType *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X)) #define DatumGetArrayTypePCopy(X) ((ArrayType *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X)) #define PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(n) DatumGetArrayTypeP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P_COPY(n) DatumGetArrayTypePCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_RETURN_ARRAYTYPE_P(x) PG_RETURN_POINTER(x) /* * Access macros for array header fields. * * ARR_DIMS returns a pointer to an array of array dimensions (number of * elements along the various array axes). * * ARR_LBOUND returns a pointer to an array of array lower bounds. * * That is: if the third axis of an array has elements 5 through 8, then * ARR_DIMS(a)[2] == 4 and ARR_LBOUND(a)[2] == 5. * * Unlike C, the default lower bound is 1. */ #define ARR_SIZE(a) VARSIZE(a) #define ARR_NDIM(a) ((a)->ndim) #define ARR_HASNULL(a) ((a)->dataoffset != 0) #define ARR_ELEMTYPE(a) ((a)->elemtype) #define ARR_DIMS(a) \ ((int *) (((char *) (a)) + sizeof(ArrayType))) #define ARR_LBOUND(a) \ ((int *) (((char *) (a)) + sizeof(ArrayType) + \ sizeof(int) * ARR_NDIM(a))) #define ARR_NULLBITMAP(a) \ (ARR_HASNULL(a) ? \ (bits8 *) (((char *) (a)) + sizeof(ArrayType) + \ 2 * sizeof(int) * ARR_NDIM(a)) \ : (bits8 *) NULL) /* * The total array header size (in bytes) for an array with the specified * number of dimensions and total number of items. */ #define ARR_OVERHEAD_NONULLS(ndims) \ MAXALIGN(sizeof(ArrayType) + 2 * sizeof(int) * (ndims)) #define ARR_OVERHEAD_WITHNULLS(ndims, nitems) \ MAXALIGN(sizeof(ArrayType) + 2 * sizeof(int) * (ndims) + \ ((nitems) + 7) / 8) #define ARR_DATA_OFFSET(a) \ (ARR_HASNULL(a) ? (a)->dataoffset : ARR_OVERHEAD_NONULLS(ARR_NDIM(a))) /* * Returns a pointer to the actual array data. */ #define ARR_DATA_PTR(a) \ (((char *) (a)) + ARR_DATA_OFFSET(a)) /* * GUC parameter */ extern bool Array_nulls; /* * prototypes for functions defined in arrayfuncs.c */ extern Datum array_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum btarraycmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum hash_array(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum arrayoverlap(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum arraycontains(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum arraycontained(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_ndims(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_dims(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_lower(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_upper(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_length(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum generate_subscripts(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum generate_subscripts_nodir(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_fill(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_fill_with_lower_bounds(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_unnest(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_ref(ArrayType *array, int nSubscripts, int *indx, int arraytyplen, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign, bool *isNull); extern ArrayType *array_set(ArrayType *array, int nSubscripts, int *indx, Datum dataValue, bool isNull, int arraytyplen, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign); extern ArrayType *array_get_slice(ArrayType *array, int nSubscripts, int *upperIndx, int *lowerIndx, int arraytyplen, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign); extern ArrayType *array_set_slice(ArrayType *array, int nSubscripts, int *upperIndx, int *lowerIndx, ArrayType *srcArray, bool isNull, int arraytyplen, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign); extern Datum array_map(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, Oid inpType, Oid retType, ArrayMapState *amstate); extern void array_bitmap_copy(bits8 *destbitmap, int destoffset, const bits8 *srcbitmap, int srcoffset, int nitems); extern ArrayType *construct_array(Datum *elems, int nelems, Oid elmtype, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign); extern ArrayType *construct_md_array(Datum *elems, bool *nulls, int ndims, int *dims, int *lbs, Oid elmtype, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign); extern ArrayType *construct_empty_array(Oid elmtype); extern void deconstruct_array(ArrayType *array, Oid elmtype, int elmlen, bool elmbyval, char elmalign, Datum **elemsp, bool **nullsp, int *nelemsp); extern bool array_contains_nulls(ArrayType *array); extern ArrayBuildState *accumArrayResult(ArrayBuildState *astate, Datum dvalue, bool disnull, Oid element_type, MemoryContext rcontext); extern Datum makeArrayResult(ArrayBuildState *astate, MemoryContext rcontext); extern Datum makeMdArrayResult(ArrayBuildState *astate, int ndims, int *dims, int *lbs, MemoryContext rcontext, bool release); extern ArrayIterator array_create_iterator(ArrayType *arr, int slice_ndim); extern bool array_iterate(ArrayIterator iterator, Datum *value, bool *isnull); extern void array_free_iterator(ArrayIterator iterator); /* * prototypes for functions defined in arrayutils.c */ extern int ArrayGetOffset(int n, const int *dim, const int *lb, const int *indx); extern int ArrayGetOffset0(int n, const int *tup, const int *scale); extern int ArrayGetNItems(int ndim, const int *dims); extern void mda_get_range(int n, int *span, const int *st, const int *endp); extern void mda_get_prod(int n, const int *range, int *prod); extern void mda_get_offset_values(int n, int *dist, const int *prod, const int *span); extern int mda_next_tuple(int n, int *curr, const int *span); extern int32 *ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ArrayType *arr, int *n); extern void ArrayCheckBounds(int ndim, const int *dims, const int *lb); /* * prototypes for functions defined in array_userfuncs.c */ extern Datum array_push(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_cat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern ArrayType *create_singleton_array(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, Oid element_type, Datum element, bool isNull, int ndims); extern Datum array_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum array_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* * prototypes for functions defined in array_typanalyze.c */ extern Datum array_typanalyze(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); #endif /* ARRAY_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media