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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * smgr.h
 *	  storage manager switch public interface declarations.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/storage/smgr.h
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef SMGR_H
#define SMGR_H

#include "fmgr.h"
#include "storage/block.h"
#include "storage/relfilenode.h"


/*
 * smgr.c maintains a table of SMgrRelation objects, which are essentially
 * cached file handles.  An SMgrRelation is created (if not already present)
 * by smgropen(), and destroyed by smgrclose().  Note that neither of these
 * operations imply I/O, they just create or destroy a hashtable entry.
 * (But smgrclose() may release associated resources, such as OS-level file
 * descriptors.)
 *
 * An SMgrRelation may have an "owner", which is just a pointer to it from
 * somewhere else; smgr.c will clear this pointer if the SMgrRelation is
 * closed.  We use this to avoid dangling pointers from relcache to smgr
 * without having to make the smgr explicitly aware of relcache.  There
 * can't be more than one "owner" pointer per SMgrRelation, but that's
 * all we need.
 *
 * SMgrRelations that do not have an "owner" are considered to be transient,
 * and are deleted at end of transaction.
 */
typedef struct SMgrRelationData
{
	/* rnode is the hashtable lookup key, so it must be first! */
	RelFileNodeBackend smgr_rnode;		/* relation physical identifier */

	/* pointer to owning pointer, or NULL if none */
	struct SMgrRelationData **smgr_owner;

	/*
	 * These next three fields are not actually used or manipulated by smgr,
	 * except that they are reset to InvalidBlockNumber upon a cache flush
	 * event (in particular, upon truncation of the relation).  Higher levels
	 * store cached state here so that it will be reset when truncation
	 * happens.  In all three cases, InvalidBlockNumber means "unknown".
	 */
	BlockNumber smgr_targblock; /* current insertion target block */
	BlockNumber smgr_fsm_nblocks;		/* last known size of fsm fork */
	BlockNumber smgr_vm_nblocks;	/* last known size of vm fork */

	/* additional public fields may someday exist here */

	/*
	 * Fields below here are intended to be private to smgr.c and its
	 * submodules.  Do not touch them from elsewhere.
	 */
	int			smgr_which;		/* storage manager selector */

	/* for md.c; NULL for forks that are not open */
	struct _MdfdVec *md_fd[MAX_FORKNUM + 1];

	/* if unowned, list link in list of all unowned SMgrRelations */
	struct SMgrRelationData *next_unowned_reln;
} SMgrRelationData;

typedef SMgrRelationData *SMgrRelation;

#define SmgrIsTemp(smgr) \
	RelFileNodeBackendIsTemp((smgr)->smgr_rnode)

extern void smgrinit(void);
extern SMgrRelation smgropen(RelFileNode rnode, BackendId backend);
extern bool smgrexists(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void smgrsetowner(SMgrRelation *owner, SMgrRelation reln);
extern void smgrclearowner(SMgrRelation *owner, SMgrRelation reln);
extern void smgrclose(SMgrRelation reln);
extern void smgrcloseall(void);
extern void smgrclosenode(RelFileNodeBackend rnode);
extern void smgrcreate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo);
extern void smgrdounlink(SMgrRelation reln, bool isRedo);
extern void smgrdounlinkfork(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo);
extern void smgrextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		   BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
extern void smgrprefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
			 BlockNumber blocknum);
extern void smgrread(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		 BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer);
extern void smgrwrite(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		  BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
extern BlockNumber smgrnblocks(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void smgrtruncate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
			 BlockNumber nblocks);
extern void smgrimmedsync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void smgrpreckpt(void);
extern void smgrsync(void);
extern void smgrpostckpt(void);
extern void AtEOXact_SMgr(void);


/* internals: move me elsewhere -- ay 7/94 */

/* in md.c */
extern void mdinit(void);
extern void mdclose(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void mdcreate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo);
extern bool mdexists(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void mdunlink(RelFileNodeBackend rnode, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo);
extern void mdextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		 BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
extern void mdprefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		   BlockNumber blocknum);
extern void mdread(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
	   char *buffer);
extern void mdwrite(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
extern BlockNumber mdnblocks(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void mdtruncate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
		   BlockNumber nblocks);
extern void mdimmedsync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void mdpreckpt(void);
extern void mdsync(void);
extern void mdpostckpt(void);

extern void SetForwardFsyncRequests(void);
extern void RememberFsyncRequest(RelFileNode rnode, ForkNumber forknum,
					 BlockNumber segno);
extern void ForgetRelationFsyncRequests(RelFileNode rnode, ForkNumber forknum);
extern void ForgetDatabaseFsyncRequests(Oid dbid);

/* smgrtype.c */
extern Datum smgrout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum smgrin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum smgreq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum smgrne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);

#endif   /* SMGR_H */

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ITAY HOD

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New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

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The BBC

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The United Nations

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The Newark Star-Ledger

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Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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