/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * proc.h * per-process shared memory data structures * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/storage/proc.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef _PROC_H_ #define _PROC_H_ #include "access/xlog.h" #include "datatype/timestamp.h" #include "storage/latch.h" #include "storage/lock.h" #include "storage/pg_sema.h" /* * Each backend advertises up to PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS TransactionIds * for non-aborted subtransactions of its current top transaction. These * have to be treated as running XIDs by other backends. * * We also keep track of whether the cache overflowed (ie, the transaction has * generated at least one subtransaction that didn't fit in the cache). * If none of the caches have overflowed, we can assume that an XID that's not * listed anywhere in the PGPROC array is not a running transaction. Else we * have to look at pg_subtrans. */ #define PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS 64 /* XXX guessed-at value */ struct XidCache { TransactionId xids[PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS]; }; /* Flags for PGXACT->vacuumFlags */ #define PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM 0x01 /* is it an autovac worker? */ #define PROC_IN_VACUUM 0x02 /* currently running lazy vacuum */ #define PROC_IN_ANALYZE 0x04 /* currently running analyze */ #define PROC_VACUUM_FOR_WRAPAROUND 0x08 /* set by autovac only */ /* flags reset at EOXact */ #define PROC_VACUUM_STATE_MASK (0x0E) /* * We allow a small number of "weak" relation locks (AccesShareLock, * RowShareLock, RowExclusiveLock) to be recorded in the PGPROC structure * rather than the main lock table. This eases contention on the lock * manager LWLocks. See storage/lmgr/README for additional details. */ #define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND 16 /* * Each backend has a PGPROC struct in shared memory. There is also a list of * currently-unused PGPROC structs that will be reallocated to new backends. * * links: list link for any list the PGPROC is in. When waiting for a lock, * the PGPROC is linked into that lock's waitProcs queue. A recycled PGPROC * is linked into ProcGlobal's freeProcs list. * * Note: twophase.c also sets up a dummy PGPROC struct for each currently * prepared transaction. These PGPROCs appear in the ProcArray data structure * so that the prepared transactions appear to be still running and are * correctly shown as holding locks. A prepared transaction PGPROC can be * distinguished from a real one at need by the fact that it has pid == 0. * The semaphore and lock-activity fields in a prepared-xact PGPROC are unused, * but its myProcLocks[] lists are valid. */ struct PGPROC { /* proc->links MUST BE FIRST IN STRUCT (see ProcSleep,ProcWakeup,etc) */ SHM_QUEUE links; /* list link if process is in a list */ PGSemaphoreData sem; /* ONE semaphore to sleep on */ int waitStatus; /* STATUS_WAITING, STATUS_OK or STATUS_ERROR */ Latch procLatch; /* generic latch for process */ LocalTransactionId lxid; /* local id of top-level transaction currently * being executed by this proc, if running; * else InvalidLocalTransactionId */ int pid; /* Backend's process ID; 0 if prepared xact */ int pgprocno; /* These fields are zero while a backend is still starting up: */ BackendId backendId; /* This backend's backend ID (if assigned) */ Oid databaseId; /* OID of database this backend is using */ Oid roleId; /* OID of role using this backend */ /* * While in hot standby mode, shows that a conflict signal has been sent * for the current transaction. Set/cleared while holding ProcArrayLock, * though not required. Accessed without lock, if needed. */ bool recoveryConflictPending; /* Info about LWLock the process is currently waiting for, if any. */ bool lwWaiting; /* true if waiting for an LW lock */ uint8 lwWaitMode; /* lwlock mode being waited for */ struct PGPROC *lwWaitLink; /* next waiter for same LW lock */ /* Info about lock the process is currently waiting for, if any. */ /* waitLock and waitProcLock are NULL if not currently waiting. */ LOCK *waitLock; /* Lock object we're sleeping on ... */ PROCLOCK *waitProcLock; /* Per-holder info for awaited lock */ LOCKMODE waitLockMode; /* type of lock we're waiting for */ LOCKMASK heldLocks; /* bitmask for lock types already held on this * lock object by this backend */ /* * Info to allow us to wait for synchronous replication, if needed. * waitLSN is InvalidXLogRecPtr if not waiting; set only by user backend. * syncRepState must not be touched except by owning process or WALSender. * syncRepLinks used only while holding SyncRepLock. */ XLogRecPtr waitLSN; /* waiting for this LSN or higher */ int syncRepState; /* wait state for sync rep */ SHM_QUEUE syncRepLinks; /* list link if process is in syncrep queue */ /* * All PROCLOCK objects for locks held or awaited by this backend are * linked into one of these lists, according to the partition number of * their lock. */ SHM_QUEUE myProcLocks[NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS]; struct XidCache subxids; /* cache for subtransaction XIDs */ /* Per-backend LWLock. Protects fields below. */ LWLockId backendLock; /* protects the fields below */ /* Lock manager data, recording fast-path locks taken by this backend. */ uint64 fpLockBits; /* lock modes held for each fast-path slot */ Oid fpRelId[FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND]; /* slots for rel oids */ bool fpVXIDLock; /* are we holding a fast-path VXID lock? */ LocalTransactionId fpLocalTransactionId; /* lxid for fast-path VXID * lock */ }; /* NOTE: "typedef struct PGPROC PGPROC" appears in storage/lock.h. */ extern PGDLLIMPORT PGPROC *MyProc; extern PGDLLIMPORT struct PGXACT *MyPgXact; /* * Prior to PostgreSQL 9.2, the fields below were stored as part of the * PGPROC. However, benchmarking revealed that packing these particular * members into a separate array as tightly as possible sped up GetSnapshotData * considerably on systems with many CPU cores, by reducing the number of * cache lines needing to be fetched. Thus, think very carefully before adding * anything else here. */ typedef struct PGXACT { TransactionId xid; /* id of top-level transaction currently being * executed by this proc, if running and XID * is assigned; else InvalidTransactionId */ TransactionId xmin; /* minimal running XID as it was when we were * starting our xact, excluding LAZY VACUUM: * vacuum must not remove tuples deleted by * xid >= xmin ! */ uint8 vacuumFlags; /* vacuum-related flags, see above */ bool overflowed; bool inCommit; /* true if within commit critical section */ uint8 nxids; } PGXACT; /* * There is one ProcGlobal struct for the whole database cluster. */ typedef struct PROC_HDR { /* Array of PGPROC structures (not including dummies for prepared txns) */ PGPROC *allProcs; /* Array of PGXACT structures (not including dummies for prepared txns) */ PGXACT *allPgXact; /* Length of allProcs array */ uint32 allProcCount; /* Head of list of free PGPROC structures */ PGPROC *freeProcs; /* Head of list of autovacuum's free PGPROC structures */ PGPROC *autovacFreeProcs; /* WALWriter process's latch */ Latch *walwriterLatch; /* Checkpointer process's latch */ Latch *checkpointerLatch; /* Current shared estimate of appropriate spins_per_delay value */ int spins_per_delay; /* The proc of the Startup process, since not in ProcArray */ PGPROC *startupProc; int startupProcPid; /* Buffer id of the buffer that Startup process waits for pin on, or -1 */ int startupBufferPinWaitBufId; } PROC_HDR; extern PROC_HDR *ProcGlobal; extern PGPROC *PreparedXactProcs; /* * We set aside some extra PGPROC structures for auxiliary processes, * ie things that aren't full-fledged backends but need shmem access. * * Background writer, checkpointer and WAL writer run during normal operation. * Startup process and WAL receiver also consume 2 slots, but WAL writer is * launched only after startup has exited, so we only need 4 slots. */ #define NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS 4 /* configurable options */ extern int DeadlockTimeout; extern int StatementTimeout; extern bool log_lock_waits; extern volatile bool cancel_from_timeout; /* * Function Prototypes */ extern int ProcGlobalSemas(void); extern Size ProcGlobalShmemSize(void); extern void InitProcGlobal(void); extern void InitProcess(void); extern void InitProcessPhase2(void); extern void InitAuxiliaryProcess(void); extern void PublishStartupProcessInformation(void); extern void SetStartupBufferPinWaitBufId(int bufid); extern int GetStartupBufferPinWaitBufId(void); extern bool HaveNFreeProcs(int n); extern void ProcReleaseLocks(bool isCommit); extern void ProcQueueInit(PROC_QUEUE *queue); extern int ProcSleep(LOCALLOCK *locallock, LockMethod lockMethodTable); extern PGPROC *ProcWakeup(PGPROC *proc, int waitStatus); extern void ProcLockWakeup(LockMethod lockMethodTable, LOCK *lock); extern bool IsWaitingForLock(void); extern void LockErrorCleanup(void); extern void ProcWaitForSignal(void); extern void ProcSendSignal(int pid); extern bool enable_sig_alarm(int delayms, bool is_statement_timeout); extern bool disable_sig_alarm(bool is_statement_timeout); extern void handle_sig_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS); extern bool enable_standby_sig_alarm(TimestampTz now, TimestampTz fin_time, bool deadlock_only); extern bool disable_standby_sig_alarm(void); extern void handle_standby_sig_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS); #endif /* PROC_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.103

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media