/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* port.h
* Header for src/port/ compatibility functions.
*
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
* src/include/port.h
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#ifndef PG_PORT_H
#define PG_PORT_H
#include <ctype.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <pwd.h>
/* socket has a different definition on WIN32 */
#ifndef WIN32
typedef int pgsocket;
#define PGINVALID_SOCKET (-1)
#else
typedef SOCKET pgsocket;
#define PGINVALID_SOCKET INVALID_SOCKET
#endif
/* non-blocking */
extern bool pg_set_noblock(pgsocket sock);
extern bool pg_set_block(pgsocket sock);
/* Portable path handling for Unix/Win32 (in path.c) */
extern bool has_drive_prefix(const char *filename);
extern char *first_dir_separator(const char *filename);
extern char *last_dir_separator(const char *filename);
extern char *first_path_var_separator(const char *pathlist);
extern void join_path_components(char *ret_path,
const char *head, const char *tail);
extern void canonicalize_path(char *path);
extern void make_native_path(char *path);
extern bool path_contains_parent_reference(const char *path);
extern bool path_is_relative_and_below_cwd(const char *path);
extern bool path_is_prefix_of_path(const char *path1, const char *path2);
extern const char *get_progname(const char *argv0);
extern void get_share_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_etc_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_include_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_pkginclude_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_includeserver_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_lib_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_pkglib_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_locale_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_doc_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_html_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern void get_man_path(const char *my_exec_path, char *ret_path);
extern bool get_home_path(char *ret_path);
extern void get_parent_directory(char *path);
/* port/dirmod.c */
extern char **pgfnames(const char *path);
extern void pgfnames_cleanup(char **filenames);
/*
* is_absolute_path
*
* By making this a macro we avoid needing to include path.c in libpq.
*/
#ifndef WIN32
#define IS_DIR_SEP(ch) ((ch) == '/')
#define is_absolute_path(filename) \
( \
IS_DIR_SEP((filename)[0]) \
)
#else
#define IS_DIR_SEP(ch) ((ch) == '/' || (ch) == '\\')
/* See path_is_relative_and_below_cwd() for how we handle 'E:abc'. */
#define is_absolute_path(filename) \
( \
IS_DIR_SEP((filename)[0]) || \
(isalpha((unsigned char) ((filename)[0])) && (filename)[1] == ':' && \
IS_DIR_SEP((filename)[2])) \
)
#endif
/* Portable locale initialization (in exec.c) */
extern void set_pglocale_pgservice(const char *argv0, const char *app);
/* Portable way to find binaries (in exec.c) */
extern int find_my_exec(const char *argv0, char *retpath);
extern int find_other_exec(const char *argv0, const char *target,
const char *versionstr, char *retpath);
/* Windows security token manipulation (in exec.c) */
#ifdef WIN32
extern BOOL AddUserToTokenDacl(HANDLE hToken);
#endif
#if defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
#define EXE ".exe"
#else
#define EXE ""
#endif
#if defined(WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
#define DEVNULL "nul"
#else
#define DEVNULL "/dev/null"
#endif
/*
* Win32 needs double quotes at the beginning and end of system()
* strings. If not, it gets confused with multiple quoted strings.
* It also requires double-quotes around the executable name and
* any files used for redirection. Other args can use single-quotes.
*
* Generated using Win32 "CMD /?":
*
* 1. If all of the following conditions are met, then quote characters
* on the command line are preserved:
*
* - no /S switch
* - exactly two quote characters
* - no special characters between the two quote characters, where special
* is one of: &<>()@^|
* - there are one or more whitespace characters between the two quote
* characters
* - the string between the two quote characters is the name of an
* executable file.
*
* 2. Otherwise, old behavior is to see if the first character is a quote
* character and if so, strip the leading character and remove the last
* quote character on the command line, preserving any text after the last
* quote character.
*/
#if defined(WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
#define SYSTEMQUOTE "\""
#else
#define SYSTEMQUOTE ""
#endif
/* Portable delay handling */
extern void pg_usleep(long microsec);
/* Portable SQL-like case-independent comparisons and conversions */
extern int pg_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
extern int pg_strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
extern unsigned char pg_toupper(unsigned char ch);
extern unsigned char pg_tolower(unsigned char ch);
extern unsigned char pg_ascii_toupper(unsigned char ch);
extern unsigned char pg_ascii_tolower(unsigned char ch);
#ifdef USE_REPL_SNPRINTF
/*
* Versions of libintl >= 0.13 try to replace printf() and friends with
* macros to their own versions that understand the %$ format. We do the
* same, so disable their macros, if they exist.
*/
#ifdef vsnprintf
#undef vsnprintf
#endif
#ifdef snprintf
#undef snprintf
#endif
#ifdef sprintf
#undef sprintf
#endif
#ifdef vfprintf
#undef vfprintf
#endif
#ifdef fprintf
#undef fprintf
#endif
#ifdef printf
#undef printf
#endif
extern int pg_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t count, const char *fmt, va_list args);
extern int
pg_snprintf(char *str, size_t count, const char *fmt,...)
/* This extension allows gcc to check the format string */
__attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 3, 4)));
extern int
pg_sprintf(char *str, const char *fmt,...)
/* This extension allows gcc to check the format string */
__attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 2, 3)));
extern int pg_vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *fmt, va_list args);
extern int
pg_fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *fmt,...)
/* This extension allows gcc to check the format string */
__attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 2, 3)));
extern int
pg_printf(const char *fmt,...)
/* This extension allows gcc to check the format string */
__attribute__((format(PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE, 1, 2)));
/*
* The GCC-specific code below prevents the __attribute__(... 'printf')
* above from being replaced, and this is required because gcc doesn't
* know anything about pg_printf.
*/
#ifdef __GNUC__
#define vsnprintf(...) pg_vsnprintf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define snprintf(...) pg_snprintf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define sprintf(...) pg_sprintf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define vfprintf(...) pg_vfprintf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define fprintf(...) pg_fprintf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define printf(...) pg_printf(__VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define vsnprintf pg_vsnprintf
#define snprintf pg_snprintf
#define sprintf pg_sprintf
#define vfprintf pg_vfprintf
#define fprintf pg_fprintf
#define printf pg_printf
#endif
#endif /* USE_REPL_SNPRINTF */
#if defined(WIN32)
/*
* Versions of libintl >= 0.18? try to replace setlocale() with a macro
* to their own versions. Remove the macro, if it exists, because it
* ends up calling the wrong version when the backend and libintl use
* different versions of msvcrt.
*/
#if defined(setlocale)
#undef setlocale
#endif
/*
* Define our own wrapper macro around setlocale() to work around bugs in
* Windows' native setlocale() function.
*/
extern char *pgwin32_setlocale(int category, const char *locale);
#define setlocale(a,b) pgwin32_setlocale(a,b)
#endif /* WIN32 */
/* Portable prompt handling */
extern char *simple_prompt(const char *prompt, int maxlen, bool echo);
#ifdef WIN32
#define PG_SIGNAL_COUNT 32
#define kill(pid,sig) pgkill(pid,sig)
extern int pgkill(int pid, int sig);
#endif
extern int pclose_check(FILE *stream);
/* Global variable holding time zone information. */
#ifndef __CYGWIN__
#define TIMEZONE_GLOBAL timezone
#define TZNAME_GLOBAL tzname
#else
#define TIMEZONE_GLOBAL _timezone
#define TZNAME_GLOBAL _tzname
#endif
#if defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
/*
* Win32 doesn't have reliable rename/unlink during concurrent access.
*/
extern int pgrename(const char *from, const char *to);
extern int pgunlink(const char *path);
/* Include this first so later includes don't see these defines */
#ifdef WIN32_ONLY_COMPILER
#include <io.h>
#endif
#define rename(from, to) pgrename(from, to)
#define unlink(path) pgunlink(path)
#endif /* defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) */
/*
* Win32 also doesn't have symlinks, but we can emulate them with
* junction points on newer Win32 versions.
*
* Cygwin has its own symlinks which work on Win95/98/ME where
* junction points don't, so use those instead. We have no way of
* knowing what type of system Cygwin binaries will be run on.
* Note: Some CYGWIN includes might #define WIN32.
*/
#if defined(WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
extern int pgsymlink(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
extern int pgreadlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t size);
extern bool pgwin32_is_junction(char *path);
#define symlink(oldpath, newpath) pgsymlink(oldpath, newpath)
#define readlink(path, buf, size) pgreadlink(path, buf, size)
#endif
extern bool rmtree(const char *path, bool rmtopdir);
/*
* stat() is not guaranteed to set the st_size field on win32, so we
* redefine it to our own implementation that is.
*
* We must pull in sys/stat.h here so the system header definition
* goes in first, and we redefine that, and not the other way around.
*
* Some frontends don't need the size from stat, so if UNSAFE_STAT_OK
* is defined we don't bother with this.
*/
#if defined(WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(UNSAFE_STAT_OK)
#include <sys/stat.h>
extern int pgwin32_safestat(const char *path, struct stat * buf);
#define stat(a,b) pgwin32_safestat(a,b)
#endif
#if defined(WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
/*
* open() and fopen() replacements to allow deletion of open files and
* passing of other special options.
*/
#define O_DIRECT 0x80000000
extern int pgwin32_open(const char *, int,...);
extern FILE *pgwin32_fopen(const char *, const char *);
#ifndef FRONTEND
#define open(a,b,c) pgwin32_open(a,b,c)
#define fopen(a,b) pgwin32_fopen(a,b)
#endif
#ifndef popen
#define popen(a,b) _popen(a,b)
#endif
#ifndef pclose
#define pclose(a) _pclose(a)
#endif
/* New versions of MingW have gettimeofday, old mingw and msvc don't */
#ifndef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
/* Last parameter not used */
extern int gettimeofday(struct timeval * tp, struct timezone * tzp);
#endif
#else /* !WIN32 */
/*
* Win32 requires a special close for sockets and pipes, while on Unix
* close() does them all.
*/
#define closesocket close
#endif /* WIN32 */
/*
* On Windows, setvbuf() does not support _IOLBF mode, and interprets that
* as _IOFBF. To add insult to injury, setvbuf(file, NULL, _IOFBF, 0)
* crashes outright if "parameter validation" is enabled. Therefore, in
* places where we'd like to select line-buffered mode, we fall back to
* unbuffered mode instead on Windows. Always use PG_IOLBF not _IOLBF
* directly in order to implement this behavior.
*/
#ifndef WIN32
#define PG_IOLBF _IOLBF
#else
#define PG_IOLBF _IONBF
#endif
/*
* Default "extern" declarations or macro substitutes for library routines.
* When necessary, these routines are provided by files in src/port/.
*/
#ifndef HAVE_CRYPT
extern char *crypt(const char *key, const char *setting);
#endif
/* WIN32 handled in port/win32.h */
#ifndef WIN32
#define pgoff_t off_t
#ifdef __NetBSD__
extern int fseeko(FILE *stream, off_t offset, int whence);
extern off_t ftello(FILE *stream);
#endif
#endif
extern double pg_erand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
extern long pg_lrand48(void);
extern void pg_srand48(long seed);
#ifndef HAVE_FLS
extern int fls(int mask);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_FSEEKO
#define fseeko(a, b, c) fseek(a, b, c)
#define ftello(a) ftell(a)
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_GETOPT
extern int getopt(int nargc, char *const * nargv, const char *ostr);
#endif
#if !defined(HAVE_GETPEEREID) && !defined(WIN32)
extern int getpeereid(int sock, uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_ISINF
extern int isinf(double x);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_MKDTEMP
extern char *mkdtemp(char *path);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_RINT
extern double rint(double x);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_INET_ATON
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
extern int inet_aton(const char *cp, struct in_addr * addr);
#endif
#if !HAVE_DECL_STRLCAT
extern size_t strlcat(char *dst, const char *src, size_t siz);
#endif
#if !HAVE_DECL_STRLCPY
extern size_t strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t siz);
#endif
#if !defined(HAVE_RANDOM) && !defined(__BORLANDC__)
extern long random(void);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_UNSETENV
extern void unsetenv(const char *name);
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_SRANDOM
extern void srandom(unsigned int seed);
#endif
/* thread.h */
extern char *pqStrerror(int errnum, char *strerrbuf, size_t buflen);
#if !defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
extern int pqGetpwuid(uid_t uid, struct passwd * resultbuf, char *buffer,
size_t buflen, struct passwd ** result);
#endif
extern int pqGethostbyname(const char *name,
struct hostent * resultbuf,
char *buffer, size_t buflen,
struct hostent ** result,
int *herrno);
extern void pg_qsort(void *base, size_t nel, size_t elsize,
int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *));
#define qsort(a,b,c,d) pg_qsort(a,b,c,d)
typedef int (*qsort_arg_comparator) (const void *a, const void *b, void *arg);
extern void qsort_arg(void *base, size_t nel, size_t elsize,
qsort_arg_comparator cmp, void *arg);
/* port/chklocale.c */
extern int pg_get_encoding_from_locale(const char *ctype, bool write_message);
/* port/inet_net_ntop.c */
extern char *inet_net_ntop(int af, const void *src, int bits,
char *dst, size_t size);
/* port/pgcheckdir.c */
extern int pg_check_dir(const char *dir);
/* port/pgmkdirp.c */
extern int pg_mkdir_p(char *path, int omode);
/*
* port/timingsafe_bcmp.c
*
* Returns 0 if the n-byte buffers b1 and b2 are equal, nonzero otherwise.
* Like memcmp() but takes time independent of the data content, so it is
* suitable for comparing secret values such as MAC tags and passwords
* without leaking timing information.
*/
extern int pg_timingsafe_bcmp(const void *b1, const void *b2, size_t n);
#endif /* PG_PORT_H */
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.
