/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * parse_node.h * Internal definitions for parser * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/parser/parse_node.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef PARSE_NODE_H #define PARSE_NODE_H #include "nodes/parsenodes.h" #include "utils/relcache.h" /* * Function signatures for parser hooks */ typedef struct ParseState ParseState; typedef Node *(*PreParseColumnRefHook) (ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref); typedef Node *(*PostParseColumnRefHook) (ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref, Node *var); typedef Node *(*ParseParamRefHook) (ParseState *pstate, ParamRef *pref); typedef Node *(*CoerceParamHook) (ParseState *pstate, Param *param, Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypeMod, int location); /* * State information used during parse analysis * * parentParseState: NULL in a top-level ParseState. When parsing a subquery, * links to current parse state of outer query. * * p_sourcetext: source string that generated the raw parsetree being * analyzed, or NULL if not available. (The string is used only to * generate cursor positions in error messages: we need it to convert * byte-wise locations in parse structures to character-wise cursor * positions.) * * p_rtable: list of RTEs that will become the rangetable of the query. * Note that neither relname nor refname of these entries are necessarily * unique; searching the rtable by name is a bad idea. * * p_joinexprs: list of JoinExpr nodes associated with p_rtable entries. * This is one-for-one with p_rtable, but contains NULLs for non-join * RTEs, and may be shorter than p_rtable if the last RTE(s) aren't joins. * * p_joinlist: list of join items (RangeTblRef and JoinExpr nodes) that * will become the fromlist of the query's top-level FromExpr node. * * p_relnamespace: list of RTEs that represents the current namespace for * table lookup, ie, those RTEs that are accessible by qualified names. * This may be just a subset of the rtable + joinlist, and/or may contain * entries that are not yet added to the main joinlist. * * p_varnamespace: list of RTEs that represents the current namespace for * column lookup, ie, those RTEs that are accessible by unqualified names. * This is different from p_relnamespace because a JOIN without an alias does * not hide the contained tables (so they must still be in p_relnamespace) * but it does hide their columns (unqualified references to the columns must * refer to the JOIN, not the member tables). Other special RTEs such as * NEW/OLD for rules may also appear in just one of these lists. * * p_ctenamespace: list of CommonTableExprs (WITH items) that are visible * at the moment. This is different from p_relnamespace because you have * to make an RTE before you can access a CTE. * * p_future_ctes: list of CommonTableExprs (WITH items) that are not yet * visible due to scope rules. This is used to help improve error messages. * * p_parent_cte: CommonTableExpr that immediately contains the current query, * if any. * * p_windowdefs: list of WindowDefs representing WINDOW and OVER clauses. * We collect these while transforming expressions and then transform them * afterwards (so that any resjunk tlist items needed for the sort/group * clauses end up at the end of the query tlist). A WindowDef's location in * this list, counting from 1, is the winref number to use to reference it. */ struct ParseState { struct ParseState *parentParseState; /* stack link */ const char *p_sourcetext; /* source text, or NULL if not available */ List *p_rtable; /* range table so far */ List *p_joinexprs; /* JoinExprs for RTE_JOIN p_rtable entries */ List *p_joinlist; /* join items so far (will become FromExpr * node's fromlist) */ List *p_relnamespace; /* current namespace for relations */ List *p_varnamespace; /* current namespace for columns */ List *p_ctenamespace; /* current namespace for common table exprs */ List *p_future_ctes; /* common table exprs not yet in namespace */ CommonTableExpr *p_parent_cte; /* this query's containing CTE */ List *p_windowdefs; /* raw representations of window clauses */ int p_next_resno; /* next targetlist resno to assign */ List *p_locking_clause; /* raw FOR UPDATE/FOR SHARE info */ Node *p_value_substitute; /* what to replace VALUE with, if any */ bool p_hasAggs; bool p_hasWindowFuncs; bool p_hasSubLinks; bool p_hasModifyingCTE; bool p_is_insert; bool p_is_update; bool p_locked_from_parent; Relation p_target_relation; RangeTblEntry *p_target_rangetblentry; /* * Optional hook functions for parser callbacks. These are null unless * set up by the caller of make_parsestate. */ PreParseColumnRefHook p_pre_columnref_hook; PostParseColumnRefHook p_post_columnref_hook; ParseParamRefHook p_paramref_hook; CoerceParamHook p_coerce_param_hook; void *p_ref_hook_state; /* common passthrough link for above */ }; /* Support for parser_errposition_callback function */ typedef struct ParseCallbackState { ParseState *pstate; int location; ErrorContextCallback errcontext; } ParseCallbackState; extern ParseState *make_parsestate(ParseState *parentParseState); extern void free_parsestate(ParseState *pstate); extern int parser_errposition(ParseState *pstate, int location); extern void setup_parser_errposition_callback(ParseCallbackState *pcbstate, ParseState *pstate, int location); extern void cancel_parser_errposition_callback(ParseCallbackState *pcbstate); extern Var *make_var(ParseState *pstate, RangeTblEntry *rte, int attrno, int location); extern Oid transformArrayType(Oid *arrayType, int32 *arrayTypmod); extern ArrayRef *transformArraySubscripts(ParseState *pstate, Node *arrayBase, Oid arrayType, Oid elementType, int32 arrayTypMod, List *indirection, Node *assignFrom); extern Const *make_const(ParseState *pstate, Value *value, int location); #endif /* PARSE_NODE_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media