/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * tuptable.h * tuple table support stuff * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/executor/tuptable.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef TUPTABLE_H #define TUPTABLE_H #include "access/htup.h" #include "storage/buf.h" /*---------- * The executor stores tuples in a "tuple table" which is a List of * independent TupleTableSlots. There are several cases we need to handle: * 1. physical tuple in a disk buffer page * 2. physical tuple constructed in palloc'ed memory * 3. "minimal" physical tuple constructed in palloc'ed memory * 4. "virtual" tuple consisting of Datum/isnull arrays * * The first two cases are similar in that they both deal with "materialized" * tuples, but resource management is different. For a tuple in a disk page * we need to hold a pin on the buffer until the TupleTableSlot's reference * to the tuple is dropped; while for a palloc'd tuple we usually want the * tuple pfree'd when the TupleTableSlot's reference is dropped. * * A "minimal" tuple is handled similarly to a palloc'd regular tuple. * At present, minimal tuples never are stored in buffers, so there is no * parallel to case 1. Note that a minimal tuple has no "system columns". * (Actually, it could have an OID, but we have no need to access the OID.) * * A "virtual" tuple is an optimization used to minimize physical data * copying in a nest of plan nodes. Any pass-by-reference Datums in the * tuple point to storage that is not directly associated with the * TupleTableSlot; generally they will point to part of a tuple stored in * a lower plan node's output TupleTableSlot, or to a function result * constructed in a plan node's per-tuple econtext. It is the responsibility * of the generating plan node to be sure these resources are not released * for as long as the virtual tuple needs to be valid. We only use virtual * tuples in the result slots of plan nodes --- tuples to be copied anywhere * else need to be "materialized" into physical tuples. Note also that a * virtual tuple does not have any "system columns". * * It is also possible for a TupleTableSlot to hold both physical and minimal * copies of a tuple. This is done when the slot is requested to provide * the format other than the one it currently holds. (Originally we attempted * to handle such requests by replacing one format with the other, but that * had the fatal defect of invalidating any pass-by-reference Datums pointing * into the existing slot contents.) Both copies must contain identical data * payloads when this is the case. * * The Datum/isnull arrays of a TupleTableSlot serve double duty. When the * slot contains a virtual tuple, they are the authoritative data. When the * slot contains a physical tuple, the arrays contain data extracted from * the tuple. (In this state, any pass-by-reference Datums point into * the physical tuple.) The extracted information is built "lazily", * ie, only as needed. This serves to avoid repeated extraction of data * from the physical tuple. * * A TupleTableSlot can also be "empty", holding no valid data. This is * the only valid state for a freshly-created slot that has not yet had a * tuple descriptor assigned to it. In this state, tts_isempty must be * TRUE, tts_shouldFree FALSE, tts_tuple NULL, tts_buffer InvalidBuffer, * and tts_nvalid zero. * * The tupleDescriptor is simply referenced, not copied, by the TupleTableSlot * code. The caller of ExecSetSlotDescriptor() is responsible for providing * a descriptor that will live as long as the slot does. (Typically, both * slots and descriptors are in per-query memory and are freed by memory * context deallocation at query end; so it's not worth providing any extra * mechanism to do more. However, the slot will increment the tupdesc * reference count if a reference-counted tupdesc is supplied.) * * When tts_shouldFree is true, the physical tuple is "owned" by the slot * and should be freed when the slot's reference to the tuple is dropped. * * If tts_buffer is not InvalidBuffer, then the slot is holding a pin * on the indicated buffer page; drop the pin when we release the * slot's reference to that buffer. (tts_shouldFree should always be * false in such a case, since presumably tts_tuple is pointing at the * buffer page.) * * tts_nvalid indicates the number of valid columns in the tts_values/isnull * arrays. When the slot is holding a "virtual" tuple this must be equal * to the descriptor's natts. When the slot is holding a physical tuple * this is equal to the number of columns we have extracted (we always * extract columns from left to right, so there are no holes). * * tts_values/tts_isnull are allocated when a descriptor is assigned to the * slot; they are of length equal to the descriptor's natts. * * tts_mintuple must always be NULL if the slot does not hold a "minimal" * tuple. When it does, tts_mintuple points to the actual MinimalTupleData * object (the thing to be pfree'd if tts_shouldFreeMin is true). If the slot * has only a minimal and not also a regular physical tuple, then tts_tuple * points at tts_minhdr and the fields of that struct are set correctly * for access to the minimal tuple; in particular, tts_minhdr.t_data points * MINIMAL_TUPLE_OFFSET bytes before tts_mintuple. This allows column * extraction to treat the case identically to regular physical tuples. * * tts_slow/tts_off are saved state for slot_deform_tuple, and should not * be touched by any other code. *---------- */ typedef struct TupleTableSlot { NodeTag type; bool tts_isempty; /* true = slot is empty */ bool tts_shouldFree; /* should pfree tts_tuple? */ bool tts_shouldFreeMin; /* should pfree tts_mintuple? */ bool tts_slow; /* saved state for slot_deform_tuple */ HeapTuple tts_tuple; /* physical tuple, or NULL if virtual */ TupleDesc tts_tupleDescriptor; /* slot's tuple descriptor */ MemoryContext tts_mcxt; /* slot itself is in this context */ Buffer tts_buffer; /* tuple's buffer, or InvalidBuffer */ int tts_nvalid; /* # of valid values in tts_values */ Datum *tts_values; /* current per-attribute values */ bool *tts_isnull; /* current per-attribute isnull flags */ MinimalTuple tts_mintuple; /* minimal tuple, or NULL if none */ HeapTupleData tts_minhdr; /* workspace for minimal-tuple-only case */ long tts_off; /* saved state for slot_deform_tuple */ } TupleTableSlot; #define TTS_HAS_PHYSICAL_TUPLE(slot) \ ((slot)->tts_tuple != NULL && (slot)->tts_tuple != &((slot)->tts_minhdr)) /* * TupIsNull -- is a TupleTableSlot empty? */ #define TupIsNull(slot) \ ((slot) == NULL || (slot)->tts_isempty) /* in executor/execTuples.c */ extern TupleTableSlot *MakeTupleTableSlot(void); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecAllocTableSlot(List **tupleTable); extern void ExecResetTupleTable(List *tupleTable, bool shouldFree); extern TupleTableSlot *MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(TupleDesc tupdesc); extern void ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern void ExecSetSlotDescriptor(TupleTableSlot *slot, TupleDesc tupdesc); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecStoreTuple(HeapTuple tuple, TupleTableSlot *slot, Buffer buffer, bool shouldFree); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecStoreMinimalTuple(MinimalTuple mtup, TupleTableSlot *slot, bool shouldFree); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecClearTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecStoreVirtualTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecStoreAllNullTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern HeapTuple ExecCopySlotTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern MinimalTuple ExecCopySlotMinimalTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern HeapTuple ExecFetchSlotTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern MinimalTuple ExecFetchSlotMinimalTuple(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern Datum ExecFetchSlotTupleDatum(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern HeapTuple ExecMaterializeSlot(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern TupleTableSlot *ExecCopySlot(TupleTableSlot *dstslot, TupleTableSlot *srcslot); /* in access/common/heaptuple.c */ extern Datum slot_getattr(TupleTableSlot *slot, int attnum, bool *isnull); extern void slot_getallattrs(TupleTableSlot *slot); extern void slot_getsomeattrs(TupleTableSlot *slot, int attnum); extern bool slot_attisnull(TupleTableSlot *slot, int attnum); #endif /* TUPTABLE_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media