/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * skey.h * POSTGRES scan key definitions. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/access/skey.h * *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef SKEY_H #define SKEY_H #include "access/attnum.h" #include "fmgr.h" /* * Strategy numbers identify the semantics that particular operators have * with respect to particular operator classes. In some cases a strategy * subtype (an OID) is used as further information. */ typedef uint16 StrategyNumber; #define InvalidStrategy ((StrategyNumber) 0) /* * We define the strategy numbers for B-tree indexes here, to avoid having * to import access/nbtree.h into a lot of places that shouldn't need it. */ #define BTLessStrategyNumber 1 #define BTLessEqualStrategyNumber 2 #define BTEqualStrategyNumber 3 #define BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber 4 #define BTGreaterStrategyNumber 5 #define BTMaxStrategyNumber 5 /* * A ScanKey represents the application of a comparison operator between * a table or index column and a constant. When it's part of an array of * ScanKeys, the comparison conditions are implicitly ANDed. The index * column is the left argument of the operator, if it's a binary operator. * (The data structure can support unary indexable operators too; in that * case sk_argument would go unused. This is not currently implemented.) * * For an index scan, sk_strategy and sk_subtype must be set correctly for * the operator. When using a ScanKey in a heap scan, these fields are not * used and may be set to InvalidStrategy/InvalidOid. * * If the operator is collation-sensitive, sk_collation must be set * correctly as well. * * A ScanKey can also represent a ScalarArrayOpExpr, that is a condition * "column op ANY(ARRAY[...])". This is signaled by the SK_SEARCHARRAY * flag bit. The sk_argument is not a value of the operator's right-hand * argument type, but rather an array of such values, and the per-element * comparisons are to be ORed together. * * A ScanKey can also represent a condition "column IS NULL" or "column * IS NOT NULL"; these cases are signaled by the SK_SEARCHNULL and * SK_SEARCHNOTNULL flag bits respectively. The argument is always NULL, * and the sk_strategy, sk_subtype, sk_collation, and sk_func fields are * not used (unless set by the index AM). * * SK_SEARCHARRAY, SK_SEARCHNULL and SK_SEARCHNOTNULL are supported only * for index scans, not heap scans; and not all index AMs support them, * only those that set amsearcharray or amsearchnulls respectively. * * A ScanKey can also represent an ordering operator invocation, that is * an ordering requirement "ORDER BY indexedcol op constant". This looks * the same as a comparison operator, except that the operator doesn't * (usually) yield boolean. We mark such ScanKeys with SK_ORDER_BY. * SK_SEARCHARRAY, SK_SEARCHNULL, SK_SEARCHNOTNULL cannot be used here. * * Note: in some places, ScanKeys are used as a convenient representation * for the invocation of an access method support procedure. In this case * sk_strategy/sk_subtype are not meaningful (but sk_collation can be); and * sk_func may refer to a function that returns something other than boolean. */ typedef struct ScanKeyData { int sk_flags; /* flags, see below */ AttrNumber sk_attno; /* table or index column number */ StrategyNumber sk_strategy; /* operator strategy number */ Oid sk_subtype; /* strategy subtype */ Oid sk_collation; /* collation to use, if needed */ FmgrInfo sk_func; /* lookup info for function to call */ Datum sk_argument; /* data to compare */ } ScanKeyData; typedef ScanKeyData *ScanKey; /* * About row comparisons: * * The ScanKey data structure also supports row comparisons, that is ordered * tuple comparisons like (x, y) > (c1, c2), having the SQL-spec semantics * "x > c1 OR (x = c1 AND y > c2)". Note that this is currently only * implemented for btree index searches, not for heapscans or any other index * type. A row comparison is represented by a "header" ScanKey entry plus * a separate array of ScanKeys, one for each column of the row comparison. * The header entry has these properties: * sk_flags = SK_ROW_HEADER * sk_attno = index column number for leading column of row comparison * sk_strategy = btree strategy code for semantics of row comparison * (ie, < <= > or >=) * sk_subtype, sk_collation, sk_func: not used * sk_argument: pointer to subsidiary ScanKey array * If the header is part of a ScanKey array that's sorted by attno, it * must be sorted according to the leading column number. * * The subsidiary ScanKey array appears in logical column order of the row * comparison, which may be different from index column order. The array * elements are like a normal ScanKey array except that: * sk_flags must include SK_ROW_MEMBER, plus SK_ROW_END in the last * element (needed since row header does not include a count) * sk_func points to the btree comparison support function for the * opclass, NOT the operator's implementation function. * sk_strategy must be the same in all elements of the subsidiary array, * that is, the same as in the header entry. * SK_SEARCHARRAY, SK_SEARCHNULL, SK_SEARCHNOTNULL cannot be used here. */ /* * ScanKeyData sk_flags * * sk_flags bits 0-15 are reserved for system-wide use (symbols for those * bits should be defined here). Bits 16-31 are reserved for use within * individual index access methods. */ #define SK_ISNULL 0x0001 /* sk_argument is NULL */ #define SK_UNARY 0x0002 /* unary operator (not supported!) */ #define SK_ROW_HEADER 0x0004 /* row comparison header (see above) */ #define SK_ROW_MEMBER 0x0008 /* row comparison member (see above) */ #define SK_ROW_END 0x0010 /* last row comparison member */ #define SK_SEARCHARRAY 0x0020 /* scankey represents ScalarArrayOp */ #define SK_SEARCHNULL 0x0040 /* scankey represents "col IS NULL" */ #define SK_SEARCHNOTNULL 0x0080 /* scankey represents "col IS NOT * NULL" */ #define SK_ORDER_BY 0x0100 /* scankey is for ORDER BY op */ /* * prototypes for functions in access/common/scankey.c */ extern void ScanKeyInit(ScanKey entry, AttrNumber attributeNumber, StrategyNumber strategy, RegProcedure procedure, Datum argument); extern void ScanKeyEntryInitialize(ScanKey entry, int flags, AttrNumber attributeNumber, StrategyNumber strategy, Oid subtype, Oid collation, RegProcedure procedure, Datum argument); extern void ScanKeyEntryInitializeWithInfo(ScanKey entry, int flags, AttrNumber attributeNumber, StrategyNumber strategy, Oid subtype, Oid collation, FmgrInfo *finfo, Datum argument); #endif /* SKEY_H */

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.224

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media