/* Copyright (C) 1996-2004, 2009-2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
/* All data returned by the network data base library are supplied in
host order and returned in network order (suitable for use in
system calls). */
#ifndef _NETDB_H
#define _NETDB_H 1
#include <features.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* This is necessary to make this include file properly replace the
Sun version. */
# include <rpc/netdb.h>
#endif
#ifdef __USE_GNU
# define __need_sigevent_t
# include <bits/siginfo.h>
# define __need_timespec
# include <time.h>
#endif
#include <bits/netdb.h>
/* Absolute file name for network data base files. */
#define _PATH_HEQUIV "/etc/hosts.equiv"
#define _PATH_HOSTS "/etc/hosts"
#define _PATH_NETWORKS "/etc/networks"
#define _PATH_NSSWITCH_CONF "/etc/nsswitch.conf"
#define _PATH_PROTOCOLS "/etc/protocols"
#define _PATH_SERVICES "/etc/services"
__BEGIN_DECLS
#if defined __USE_MISC || !defined __USE_XOPEN2K8
/* Error status for non-reentrant lookup functions.
We use a macro to access always the thread-specific `h_errno' variable. */
# define h_errno (*__h_errno_location ())
/* Function to get address of global `h_errno' variable. */
extern int *__h_errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__));
/* Possible values left in `h_errno'. */
# define HOST_NOT_FOUND 1 /* Authoritative Answer Host not found. */
# define TRY_AGAIN 2 /* Non-Authoritative Host not found,
or SERVERFAIL. */
# define NO_RECOVERY 3 /* Non recoverable errors, FORMERR, REFUSED,
NOTIMP. */
# define NO_DATA 4 /* Valid name, no data record of requested
type. */
#endif
#if defined __USE_MISC || defined __USE_GNU
# define NETDB_INTERNAL -1 /* See errno. */
# define NETDB_SUCCESS 0 /* No problem. */
# define NO_ADDRESS NO_DATA /* No address, look for MX record. */
#endif
#if defined __USE_XOPEN2K || defined __USE_XOPEN_EXTENDED
/* Highest reserved Internet port number. */
# define IPPORT_RESERVED 1024
#endif
#ifdef __USE_GNU
/* Scope delimiter for getaddrinfo(), getnameinfo(). */
# define SCOPE_DELIMITER '%'
#endif
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* Print error indicated by `h_errno' variable on standard error. STR
if non-null is printed before the error string. */
extern void herror (const char *__str) __THROW;
/* Return string associated with error ERR_NUM. */
extern const char *hstrerror (int __err_num) __THROW;
#endif
/* Description of data base entry for a single host. */
struct hostent
{
char *h_name; /* Official name of host. */
char **h_aliases; /* Alias list. */
int h_addrtype; /* Host address type. */
int h_length; /* Length of address. */
char **h_addr_list; /* List of addresses from name server. */
#if defined __USE_MISC || defined __USE_GNU
# define h_addr h_addr_list[0] /* Address, for backward compatibility.*/
#endif
};
/* Open host data base files and mark them as staying open even after
a later search if STAY_OPEN is non-zero.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void sethostent (int __stay_open);
/* Close host data base files and clear `stay open' flag.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void endhostent (void);
/* Get next entry from host data base file. Open data base if
necessary.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct hostent *gethostent (void);
/* Return entry from host data base which address match ADDR with
length LEN and type TYPE.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct hostent *gethostbyaddr (const void *__addr, __socklen_t __len,
int __type);
/* Return entry from host data base for host with NAME.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct hostent *gethostbyname (const char *__name);
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* Return entry from host data base for host with NAME. AF must be
set to the address type which is `AF_INET' for IPv4 or `AF_INET6'
for IPv6.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern struct hostent *gethostbyname2 (const char *__name, int __af);
/* Reentrant versions of the functions above. The additional
arguments specify a buffer of BUFLEN starting at BUF. The last
argument is a pointer to a variable which gets the value which
would be stored in the global variable `herrno' by the
non-reentrant functions.
These functions are not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation they are cancellation points and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int gethostent_r (struct hostent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct hostent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
extern int gethostbyaddr_r (const void *__restrict __addr, __socklen_t __len,
int __type,
struct hostent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct hostent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
extern int gethostbyname_r (const char *__restrict __name,
struct hostent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct hostent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
extern int gethostbyname2_r (const char *__restrict __name, int __af,
struct hostent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct hostent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
#endif /* misc */
/* Open network data base files and mark them as staying open even
after a later search if STAY_OPEN is non-zero.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void setnetent (int __stay_open);
/* Close network data base files and clear `stay open' flag.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void endnetent (void);
/* Get next entry from network data base file. Open data base if
necessary.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct netent *getnetent (void);
/* Return entry from network data base which address match NET and
type TYPE.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct netent *getnetbyaddr (uint32_t __net, int __type);
/* Return entry from network data base for network with NAME.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct netent *getnetbyname (const char *__name);
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* Reentrant versions of the functions above. The additional
arguments specify a buffer of BUFLEN starting at BUF. The last
argument is a pointer to a variable which gets the value which
would be stored in the global variable `herrno' by the
non-reentrant functions.
These functions are not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation they are cancellation points and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getnetent_r (struct netent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct netent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
extern int getnetbyaddr_r (uint32_t __net, int __type,
struct netent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct netent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
extern int getnetbyname_r (const char *__restrict __name,
struct netent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct netent **__restrict __result,
int *__restrict __h_errnop);
#endif /* misc */
/* Description of data base entry for a single service. */
struct servent
{
char *s_name; /* Official service name. */
char **s_aliases; /* Alias list. */
int s_port; /* Port number. */
char *s_proto; /* Protocol to use. */
};
/* Open service data base files and mark them as staying open even
after a later search if STAY_OPEN is non-zero.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void setservent (int __stay_open);
/* Close service data base files and clear `stay open' flag.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void endservent (void);
/* Get next entry from service data base file. Open data base if
necessary.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct servent *getservent (void);
/* Return entry from network data base for network with NAME and
protocol PROTO.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct servent *getservbyname (const char *__name, const char *__proto);
/* Return entry from service data base which matches port PORT and
protocol PROTO.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct servent *getservbyport (int __port, const char *__proto);
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* Reentrant versions of the functions above. The additional
arguments specify a buffer of BUFLEN starting at BUF.
These functions are not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation they are cancellation points and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getservent_r (struct servent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct servent **__restrict __result);
extern int getservbyname_r (const char *__restrict __name,
const char *__restrict __proto,
struct servent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct servent **__restrict __result);
extern int getservbyport_r (int __port, const char *__restrict __proto,
struct servent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct servent **__restrict __result);
#endif /* misc */
/* Description of data base entry for a single service. */
struct protoent
{
char *p_name; /* Official protocol name. */
char **p_aliases; /* Alias list. */
int p_proto; /* Protocol number. */
};
/* Open protocol data base files and mark them as staying open even
after a later search if STAY_OPEN is non-zero.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void setprotoent (int __stay_open);
/* Close protocol data base files and clear `stay open' flag.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern void endprotoent (void);
/* Get next entry from protocol data base file. Open data base if
necessary.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct protoent *getprotoent (void);
/* Return entry from protocol data base for network with NAME.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct protoent *getprotobyname (const char *__name);
/* Return entry from protocol data base which number is PROTO.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern struct protoent *getprotobynumber (int __proto);
#ifdef __USE_MISC
/* Reentrant versions of the functions above. The additional
arguments specify a buffer of BUFLEN starting at BUF.
These functions are not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation they are cancellation points and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getprotoent_r (struct protoent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct protoent **__restrict __result);
extern int getprotobyname_r (const char *__restrict __name,
struct protoent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct protoent **__restrict __result);
extern int getprotobynumber_r (int __proto,
struct protoent *__restrict __result_buf,
char *__restrict __buf, size_t __buflen,
struct protoent **__restrict __result);
/* Establish network group NETGROUP for enumeration.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int setnetgrent (const char *__netgroup);
/* Free all space allocated by previous `setnetgrent' call.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern void endnetgrent (void);
/* Get next member of netgroup established by last `setnetgrent' call
and return pointers to elements in HOSTP, USERP, and DOMAINP.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getnetgrent (char **__restrict __hostp,
char **__restrict __userp,
char **__restrict __domainp);
/* Test whether NETGROUP contains the triple (HOST,USER,DOMAIN).
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int innetgr (const char *__netgroup, const char *__host,
const char *__user, const char *__domain);
/* Reentrant version of `getnetgrent' where result is placed in BUFFER.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getnetgrent_r (char **__restrict __hostp,
char **__restrict __userp,
char **__restrict __domainp,
char *__restrict __buffer, size_t __buflen);
#endif /* misc */
#ifdef __USE_BSD
/* Call `rshd' at port RPORT on remote machine *AHOST to execute CMD.
The local user is LOCUSER, on the remote machine the command is
executed as REMUSER. In *FD2P the descriptor to the socket for the
connection is returned. The caller must have the right to use a
reserved port. When the function returns *AHOST contains the
official host name.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rcmd (char **__restrict __ahost, unsigned short int __rport,
const char *__restrict __locuser,
const char *__restrict __remuser,
const char *__restrict __cmd, int *__restrict __fd2p);
/* This is the equivalent function where the protocol can be selected
and which therefore can be used for IPv6.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rcmd_af (char **__restrict __ahost, unsigned short int __rport,
const char *__restrict __locuser,
const char *__restrict __remuser,
const char *__restrict __cmd, int *__restrict __fd2p,
sa_family_t __af);
/* Call `rexecd' at port RPORT on remote machine *AHOST to execute
CMD. The process runs at the remote machine using the ID of user
NAME whose cleartext password is PASSWD. In *FD2P the descriptor
to the socket for the connection is returned. When the function
returns *AHOST contains the official host name.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rexec (char **__restrict __ahost, int __rport,
const char *__restrict __name,
const char *__restrict __pass,
const char *__restrict __cmd, int *__restrict __fd2p);
/* This is the equivalent function where the protocol can be selected
and which therefore can be used for IPv6.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rexec_af (char **__restrict __ahost, int __rport,
const char *__restrict __name,
const char *__restrict __pass,
const char *__restrict __cmd, int *__restrict __fd2p,
sa_family_t __af);
/* Check whether user REMUSER on system RHOST is allowed to login as LOCUSER.
If SUSER is not zero the user tries to become superuser. Return 0 if
it is possible.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int ruserok (const char *__rhost, int __suser,
const char *__remuser, const char *__locuser);
/* This is the equivalent function where the protocol can be selected
and which therefore can be used for IPv6.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int ruserok_af (const char *__rhost, int __suser,
const char *__remuser, const char *__locuser,
sa_family_t __af);
/* Check whether user REMUSER on system indicated by IPv4 address
RADDR is allowed to login as LOCUSER. Non-IPv4 (e.g., IPv6) are
not supported. If SUSER is not zero the user tries to become
superuser. Return 0 if it is possible.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int iruserok (uint32_t __raddr, int __suser,
const char *__remuser, const char *__locuser);
/* This is the equivalent function where the pfamiliy if the address
pointed to by RADDR is determined by the value of AF. It therefore
can be used for IPv6
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int iruserok_af (const void *__raddr, int __suser,
const char *__remuser, const char *__locuser,
sa_family_t __af);
/* Try to allocate reserved port, returning a descriptor for a socket opened
at this port or -1 if unsuccessful. The search for an available port
will start at ALPORT and continues with lower numbers.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rresvport (int *__alport);
/* This is the equivalent function where the protocol can be selected
and which therefore can be used for IPv6.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int rresvport_af (int *__alport, sa_family_t __af);
#endif
/* Extension from POSIX.1g. */
#ifdef __USE_POSIX
/* Structure to contain information about address of a service provider. */
struct addrinfo
{
int ai_flags; /* Input flags. */
int ai_family; /* Protocol family for socket. */
int ai_socktype; /* Socket type. */
int ai_protocol; /* Protocol for socket. */
socklen_t ai_addrlen; /* Length of socket address. */
struct sockaddr *ai_addr; /* Socket address for socket. */
char *ai_canonname; /* Canonical name for service location. */
struct addrinfo *ai_next; /* Pointer to next in list. */
};
# ifdef __USE_GNU
/* Structure used as control block for asynchronous lookup. */
struct gaicb
{
const char *ar_name; /* Name to look up. */
const char *ar_service; /* Service name. */
const struct addrinfo *ar_request; /* Additional request specification. */
struct addrinfo *ar_result; /* Pointer to result. */
/* The following are internal elements. */
int __return;
int __unused[5];
};
/* Lookup mode. */
# define GAI_WAIT 0
# define GAI_NOWAIT 1
# endif
/* Possible values for `ai_flags' field in `addrinfo' structure. */
# define AI_PASSIVE 0x0001 /* Socket address is intended for `bind'. */
# define AI_CANONNAME 0x0002 /* Request for canonical name. */
# define AI_NUMERICHOST 0x0004 /* Don't use name resolution. */
# define AI_V4MAPPED 0x0008 /* IPv4 mapped addresses are acceptable. */
# define AI_ALL 0x0010 /* Return IPv4 mapped and IPv6 addresses. */
# define AI_ADDRCONFIG 0x0020 /* Use configuration of this host to choose
returned address type.. */
# ifdef __USE_GNU
# define AI_IDN 0x0040 /* IDN encode input (assuming it is encoded
in the current locale's character set)
before looking it up. */
# define AI_CANONIDN 0x0080 /* Translate canonical name from IDN format. */
# define AI_IDN_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED 0x0100 /* Don't reject unassigned Unicode
code points. */
# define AI_IDN_USE_STD3_ASCII_RULES 0x0200 /* Validate strings according to
STD3 rules. */
# endif
# define AI_NUMERICSERV 0x0400 /* Don't use name resolution. */
/* Error values for `getaddrinfo' function. */
# define EAI_BADFLAGS -1 /* Invalid value for `ai_flags' field. */
# define EAI_NONAME -2 /* NAME or SERVICE is unknown. */
# define EAI_AGAIN -3 /* Temporary failure in name resolution. */
# define EAI_FAIL -4 /* Non-recoverable failure in name res. */
# define EAI_FAMILY -6 /* `ai_family' not supported. */
# define EAI_SOCKTYPE -7 /* `ai_socktype' not supported. */
# define EAI_SERVICE -8 /* SERVICE not supported for `ai_socktype'. */
# define EAI_MEMORY -10 /* Memory allocation failure. */
# define EAI_SYSTEM -11 /* System error returned in `errno'. */
# define EAI_OVERFLOW -12 /* Argument buffer overflow. */
# ifdef __USE_GNU
# define EAI_NODATA -5 /* No address associated with NAME. */
# define EAI_ADDRFAMILY -9 /* Address family for NAME not supported. */
# define EAI_INPROGRESS -100 /* Processing request in progress. */
# define EAI_CANCELED -101 /* Request canceled. */
# define EAI_NOTCANCELED -102 /* Request not canceled. */
# define EAI_ALLDONE -103 /* All requests done. */
# define EAI_INTR -104 /* Interrupted by a signal. */
# define EAI_IDN_ENCODE -105 /* IDN encoding failed. */
# endif
# ifdef __USE_MISC
# define NI_MAXHOST 1025
# define NI_MAXSERV 32
# endif
# define NI_NUMERICHOST 1 /* Don't try to look up hostname. */
# define NI_NUMERICSERV 2 /* Don't convert port number to name. */
# define NI_NOFQDN 4 /* Only return nodename portion. */
# define NI_NAMEREQD 8 /* Don't return numeric addresses. */
# define NI_DGRAM 16 /* Look up UDP service rather than TCP. */
# ifdef __USE_GNU
# define NI_IDN 32 /* Convert name from IDN format. */
# define NI_IDN_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED 64 /* Don't reject unassigned Unicode
code points. */
# define NI_IDN_USE_STD3_ASCII_RULES 128 /* Validate strings according to
STD3 rules. */
# endif
/* Translate name of a service location and/or a service name to set of
socket addresses.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern int getaddrinfo (const char *__restrict __name,
const char *__restrict __service,
const struct addrinfo *__restrict __req,
struct addrinfo **__restrict __pai);
/* Free `addrinfo' structure AI including associated storage. */
extern void freeaddrinfo (struct addrinfo *__ai) __THROW;
/* Convert error return from getaddrinfo() to a string. */
extern const char *gai_strerror (int __ecode) __THROW;
/* Translate a socket address to a location and service name.
This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
marked with __THROW. */
extern int getnameinfo (const struct sockaddr *__restrict __sa,
socklen_t __salen, char *__restrict __host,
socklen_t __hostlen, char *__restrict __serv,
socklen_t __servlen, int __flags);
#endif /* POSIX */
#ifdef __USE_GNU
/* Enqueue ENT requests from the LIST. If MODE is GAI_WAIT wait until all
requests are handled. If WAIT is GAI_NOWAIT return immediately after
queueing the requests and signal completion according to SIG.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int getaddrinfo_a (int __mode, struct gaicb *__list[__restrict_arr],
int __ent, struct sigevent *__restrict __sig);
/* Suspend execution of the thread until at least one of the ENT requests
in LIST is handled. If TIMEOUT is not a null pointer it specifies the
longest time the function keeps waiting before returning with an error.
This function is not part of POSIX and therefore no official
cancellation point. But due to similarity with an POSIX interface
or due to the implementation it is a cancellation point and
therefore not marked with __THROW. */
extern int gai_suspend (const struct gaicb *const __list[], int __ent,
const struct timespec *__timeout);
/* Get the error status of the request REQ. */
extern int gai_error (struct gaicb *__req) __THROW;
/* Cancel the requests associated with GAICBP. */
extern int gai_cancel (struct gaicb *__gaicbp) __THROW;
#endif /* GNU */
__END_DECLS
#endif /* netdb.h */
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No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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