/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note */
/*
* Copyright (c) 2007-2017 Nicira, Inc.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
* 02110-1301, USA
*/
#ifndef __LINUX_OPENVSWITCH_H
#define __LINUX_OPENVSWITCH_H 1
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/if_ether.h>
/**
* struct ovs_header - header for OVS Generic Netlink messages.
* @dp_ifindex: ifindex of local port for datapath (0 to make a request not
* specific to a datapath).
*
* Attributes following the header are specific to a particular OVS Generic
* Netlink family, but all of the OVS families use this header.
*/
struct ovs_header {
int dp_ifindex;
};
/* Datapaths. */
#define OVS_DATAPATH_FAMILY "ovs_datapath"
#define OVS_DATAPATH_MCGROUP "ovs_datapath"
/* V2:
* - API users are expected to provide OVS_DP_ATTR_USER_FEATURES
* when creating the datapath.
*/
#define OVS_DATAPATH_VERSION 2
/* First OVS datapath version to support features */
#define OVS_DP_VER_FEATURES 2
enum ovs_datapath_cmd {
OVS_DP_CMD_UNSPEC,
OVS_DP_CMD_NEW,
OVS_DP_CMD_DEL,
OVS_DP_CMD_GET,
OVS_DP_CMD_SET
};
/**
* enum ovs_datapath_attr - attributes for %OVS_DP_* commands.
* @OVS_DP_ATTR_NAME: Name of the network device that serves as the "local
* port". This is the name of the network device whose dp_ifindex is given in
* the &struct ovs_header. Always present in notifications. Required in
* %OVS_DP_NEW requests. May be used as an alternative to specifying
* dp_ifindex in other requests (with a dp_ifindex of 0).
* @OVS_DP_ATTR_UPCALL_PID: The Netlink socket in userspace that is initially
* set on the datapath port (for OVS_ACTION_ATTR_MISS). Only valid on
* %OVS_DP_CMD_NEW requests. A value of zero indicates that upcalls should
* not be sent.
* @OVS_DP_ATTR_STATS: Statistics about packets that have passed through the
* datapath. Always present in notifications.
* @OVS_DP_ATTR_MEGAFLOW_STATS: Statistics about mega flow masks usage for the
* datapath. Always present in notifications.
*
* These attributes follow the &struct ovs_header within the Generic Netlink
* payload for %OVS_DP_* commands.
*/
enum ovs_datapath_attr {
OVS_DP_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_DP_ATTR_NAME, /* name of dp_ifindex netdev */
OVS_DP_ATTR_UPCALL_PID, /* Netlink PID to receive upcalls */
OVS_DP_ATTR_STATS, /* struct ovs_dp_stats */
OVS_DP_ATTR_MEGAFLOW_STATS, /* struct ovs_dp_megaflow_stats */
OVS_DP_ATTR_USER_FEATURES, /* OVS_DP_F_* */
OVS_DP_ATTR_PAD,
__OVS_DP_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_DP_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_DP_ATTR_MAX - 1)
struct ovs_dp_stats {
__u64 n_hit; /* Number of flow table matches. */
__u64 n_missed; /* Number of flow table misses. */
__u64 n_lost; /* Number of misses not sent to userspace. */
__u64 n_flows; /* Number of flows present */
};
struct ovs_dp_megaflow_stats {
__u64 n_mask_hit; /* Number of masks used for flow lookups. */
__u32 n_masks; /* Number of masks for the datapath. */
__u32 pad0; /* Pad for future expension. */
__u64 pad1; /* Pad for future expension. */
__u64 pad2; /* Pad for future expension. */
};
struct ovs_vport_stats {
__u64 rx_packets; /* total packets received */
__u64 tx_packets; /* total packets transmitted */
__u64 rx_bytes; /* total bytes received */
__u64 tx_bytes; /* total bytes transmitted */
__u64 rx_errors; /* bad packets received */
__u64 tx_errors; /* packet transmit problems */
__u64 rx_dropped; /* no space in linux buffers */
__u64 tx_dropped; /* no space available in linux */
};
/* Allow last Netlink attribute to be unaligned */
#define OVS_DP_F_UNALIGNED (1 << 0)
/* Allow datapath to associate multiple Netlink PIDs to each vport */
#define OVS_DP_F_VPORT_PIDS (1 << 1)
/* Fixed logical ports. */
#define OVSP_LOCAL ((__u32)0)
/* Packet transfer. */
#define OVS_PACKET_FAMILY "ovs_packet"
#define OVS_PACKET_VERSION 0x1
enum ovs_packet_cmd {
OVS_PACKET_CMD_UNSPEC,
/* Kernel-to-user notifications. */
OVS_PACKET_CMD_MISS, /* Flow table miss. */
OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION, /* OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE action. */
/* Userspace commands. */
OVS_PACKET_CMD_EXECUTE /* Apply actions to a packet. */
};
/**
* enum ovs_packet_attr - attributes for %OVS_PACKET_* commands.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_PACKET: Present for all notifications. Contains the entire
* packet as received, from the start of the Ethernet header onward. For
* %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION, %OVS_PACKET_ATTR_PACKET reflects changes made by
* actions preceding %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE, but %OVS_PACKET_ATTR_KEY is
* the flow key extracted from the packet as originally received.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_KEY: Present for all notifications. Contains the flow key
* extracted from the packet as nested %OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes. This allows
* userspace to adapt its flow setup strategy by comparing its notion of the
* flow key against the kernel's.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_ACTIONS: Contains actions for the packet. Used
* for %OVS_PACKET_CMD_EXECUTE. It has nested %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_* attributes.
* Also used in upcall when %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE has optional
* %OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_ACTIONS attribute.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_USERDATA: Present for an %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION
* notification if the %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE action specified an
* %OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_USERDATA attribute, with the same length and content
* specified there.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_EGRESS_TUN_KEY: Present for an %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION
* notification if the %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE action specified an
* %OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_EGRESS_TUN_PORT attribute, which is sent only if the
* output port is actually a tunnel port. Contains the output tunnel key
* extracted from the packet as nested %OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_* attributes.
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_MRU: Present for an %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION and
* @OVS_PACKET_ATTR_LEN: Packet size before truncation.
* %OVS_PACKET_ATTR_USERSPACE action specify the Maximum received fragment
* size.
*
* These attributes follow the &struct ovs_header within the Generic Netlink
* payload for %OVS_PACKET_* commands.
*/
enum ovs_packet_attr {
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_PACKET, /* Packet data. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_KEY, /* Nested OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_ACTIONS, /* Nested OVS_ACTION_ATTR_* attributes. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_USERDATA, /* OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE arg. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_EGRESS_TUN_KEY, /* Nested OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_*
attributes. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_UNUSED1,
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_UNUSED2,
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_PROBE, /* Packet operation is a feature probe,
error logging should be suppressed. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_MRU, /* Maximum received IP fragment size. */
OVS_PACKET_ATTR_LEN, /* Packet size before truncation. */
__OVS_PACKET_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_PACKET_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_PACKET_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/* Virtual ports. */
#define OVS_VPORT_FAMILY "ovs_vport"
#define OVS_VPORT_MCGROUP "ovs_vport"
#define OVS_VPORT_VERSION 0x1
enum ovs_vport_cmd {
OVS_VPORT_CMD_UNSPEC,
OVS_VPORT_CMD_NEW,
OVS_VPORT_CMD_DEL,
OVS_VPORT_CMD_GET,
OVS_VPORT_CMD_SET
};
enum ovs_vport_type {
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_UNSPEC,
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_NETDEV, /* network device */
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_INTERNAL, /* network device implemented by datapath */
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_GRE, /* GRE tunnel. */
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_VXLAN, /* VXLAN tunnel. */
OVS_VPORT_TYPE_GENEVE, /* Geneve tunnel. */
__OVS_VPORT_TYPE_MAX
};
#define OVS_VPORT_TYPE_MAX (__OVS_VPORT_TYPE_MAX - 1)
/**
* enum ovs_vport_attr - attributes for %OVS_VPORT_* commands.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_PORT_NO: 32-bit port number within datapath.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_TYPE: 32-bit %OVS_VPORT_TYPE_* constant describing the type
* of vport.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_NAME: Name of vport. For a vport based on a network device
* this is the name of the network device. Maximum length %IFNAMSIZ-1 bytes
* plus a null terminator.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_OPTIONS: Vport-specific configuration information.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_UPCALL_PID: The array of Netlink socket pids in userspace
* among which OVS_PACKET_CMD_MISS upcalls will be distributed for packets
* received on this port. If this is a single-element array of value 0,
* upcalls should not be sent.
* @OVS_VPORT_ATTR_STATS: A &struct ovs_vport_stats giving statistics for
* packets sent or received through the vport.
*
* These attributes follow the &struct ovs_header within the Generic Netlink
* payload for %OVS_VPORT_* commands.
*
* For %OVS_VPORT_CMD_NEW requests, the %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_TYPE and
* %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_NAME attributes are required. %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_PORT_NO is
* optional; if not specified a free port number is automatically selected.
* Whether %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_OPTIONS is required or optional depends on the type
* of vport.
*
* For other requests, if %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_NAME is specified then it is used to
* look up the vport to operate on; otherwise dp_idx from the &struct
* ovs_header plus %OVS_VPORT_ATTR_PORT_NO determine the vport.
*/
enum ovs_vport_attr {
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_PORT_NO, /* u32 port number within datapath */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_TYPE, /* u32 OVS_VPORT_TYPE_* constant. */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_NAME, /* string name, up to IFNAMSIZ bytes long */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_OPTIONS, /* nested attributes, varies by vport type */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_UPCALL_PID, /* array of u32 Netlink socket PIDs for */
/* receiving upcalls */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_STATS, /* struct ovs_vport_stats */
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_PAD,
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_IFINDEX,
OVS_VPORT_ATTR_NETNSID,
__OVS_VPORT_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_VPORT_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_VPORT_ATTR_MAX - 1)
enum {
OVS_VXLAN_EXT_UNSPEC,
OVS_VXLAN_EXT_GBP, /* Flag or __u32 */
__OVS_VXLAN_EXT_MAX,
};
#define OVS_VXLAN_EXT_MAX (__OVS_VXLAN_EXT_MAX - 1)
/* OVS_VPORT_ATTR_OPTIONS attributes for tunnels.
*/
enum {
OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_DST_PORT, /* 16-bit UDP port, used by L4 tunnels. */
OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_EXTENSION,
__OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_TUNNEL_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/* Flows. */
#define OVS_FLOW_FAMILY "ovs_flow"
#define OVS_FLOW_MCGROUP "ovs_flow"
#define OVS_FLOW_VERSION 0x1
enum ovs_flow_cmd {
OVS_FLOW_CMD_UNSPEC,
OVS_FLOW_CMD_NEW,
OVS_FLOW_CMD_DEL,
OVS_FLOW_CMD_GET,
OVS_FLOW_CMD_SET
};
struct ovs_flow_stats {
__u64 n_packets; /* Number of matched packets. */
__u64 n_bytes; /* Number of matched bytes. */
};
enum ovs_key_attr {
OVS_KEY_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ENCAP, /* Nested set of encapsulated attributes. */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_PRIORITY, /* u32 skb->priority */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_IN_PORT, /* u32 OVS dp port number */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ETHERNET, /* struct ovs_key_ethernet */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_VLAN, /* be16 VLAN TCI */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ETHERTYPE, /* be16 Ethernet type */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_IPV4, /* struct ovs_key_ipv4 */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_IPV6, /* struct ovs_key_ipv6 */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_TCP, /* struct ovs_key_tcp */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_UDP, /* struct ovs_key_udp */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ICMP, /* struct ovs_key_icmp */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ICMPV6, /* struct ovs_key_icmpv6 */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ARP, /* struct ovs_key_arp */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_ND, /* struct ovs_key_nd */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_SKB_MARK, /* u32 skb mark */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_TUNNEL, /* Nested set of ovs_tunnel attributes */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_SCTP, /* struct ovs_key_sctp */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_TCP_FLAGS, /* be16 TCP flags. */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_DP_HASH, /* u32 hash value. Value 0 indicates the hash
is not computed by the datapath. */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_RECIRC_ID, /* u32 recirc id */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_MPLS, /* array of struct ovs_key_mpls.
* The implementation may restrict
* the accepted length of the array. */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_STATE, /* u32 bitmask of OVS_CS_F_* */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_ZONE, /* u16 connection tracking zone. */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_MARK, /* u32 connection tracking mark */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_LABELS, /* 16-octet connection tracking label */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_ORIG_TUPLE_IPV4, /* struct ovs_key_ct_tuple_ipv4 */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_ORIG_TUPLE_IPV6, /* struct ovs_key_ct_tuple_ipv6 */
OVS_KEY_ATTR_NSH, /* Nested set of ovs_nsh_key_* */
__OVS_KEY_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_KEY_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_KEY_ATTR_MAX - 1)
enum ovs_tunnel_key_attr {
/* OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_NONE, standard nl API requires this attribute! */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_ID, /* be64 Tunnel ID */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_IPV4_SRC, /* be32 src IP address. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_IPV4_DST, /* be32 dst IP address. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_TOS, /* u8 Tunnel IP ToS. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_TTL, /* u8 Tunnel IP TTL. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_DONT_FRAGMENT, /* No argument, set DF. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_CSUM, /* No argument. CSUM packet. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_OAM, /* No argument. OAM frame. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_GENEVE_OPTS, /* Array of Geneve options. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_TP_SRC, /* be16 src Transport Port. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_TP_DST, /* be16 dst Transport Port. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_VXLAN_OPTS, /* Nested OVS_VXLAN_EXT_* */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_IPV6_SRC, /* struct in6_addr src IPv6 address. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_IPV6_DST, /* struct in6_addr dst IPv6 address. */
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_PAD,
OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_ERSPAN_OPTS, /* struct erspan_metadata */
__OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_TUNNEL_KEY_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/**
* enum ovs_frag_type - IPv4 and IPv6 fragment type
* @OVS_FRAG_TYPE_NONE: Packet is not a fragment.
* @OVS_FRAG_TYPE_FIRST: Packet is a fragment with offset 0.
* @OVS_FRAG_TYPE_LATER: Packet is a fragment with nonzero offset.
*
* Used as the @ipv4_frag in &struct ovs_key_ipv4 and as @ipv6_frag &struct
* ovs_key_ipv6.
*/
enum ovs_frag_type {
OVS_FRAG_TYPE_NONE,
OVS_FRAG_TYPE_FIRST,
OVS_FRAG_TYPE_LATER,
__OVS_FRAG_TYPE_MAX
};
#define OVS_FRAG_TYPE_MAX (__OVS_FRAG_TYPE_MAX - 1)
struct ovs_key_ethernet {
__u8 eth_src[ETH_ALEN];
__u8 eth_dst[ETH_ALEN];
};
struct ovs_key_mpls {
__be32 mpls_lse;
};
struct ovs_key_ipv4 {
__be32 ipv4_src;
__be32 ipv4_dst;
__u8 ipv4_proto;
__u8 ipv4_tos;
__u8 ipv4_ttl;
__u8 ipv4_frag; /* One of OVS_FRAG_TYPE_*. */
};
struct ovs_key_ipv6 {
__be32 ipv6_src[4];
__be32 ipv6_dst[4];
__be32 ipv6_label; /* 20-bits in least-significant bits. */
__u8 ipv6_proto;
__u8 ipv6_tclass;
__u8 ipv6_hlimit;
__u8 ipv6_frag; /* One of OVS_FRAG_TYPE_*. */
};
struct ovs_key_tcp {
__be16 tcp_src;
__be16 tcp_dst;
};
struct ovs_key_udp {
__be16 udp_src;
__be16 udp_dst;
};
struct ovs_key_sctp {
__be16 sctp_src;
__be16 sctp_dst;
};
struct ovs_key_icmp {
__u8 icmp_type;
__u8 icmp_code;
};
struct ovs_key_icmpv6 {
__u8 icmpv6_type;
__u8 icmpv6_code;
};
struct ovs_key_arp {
__be32 arp_sip;
__be32 arp_tip;
__be16 arp_op;
__u8 arp_sha[ETH_ALEN];
__u8 arp_tha[ETH_ALEN];
};
struct ovs_key_nd {
__be32 nd_target[4];
__u8 nd_sll[ETH_ALEN];
__u8 nd_tll[ETH_ALEN];
};
#define OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN_32 4
#define OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN (OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN_32 * sizeof(__u32))
struct ovs_key_ct_labels {
union {
__u8 ct_labels[OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN];
__u32 ct_labels_32[OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN_32];
};
};
/* OVS_KEY_ATTR_CT_STATE flags */
#define OVS_CS_F_NEW 0x01 /* Beginning of a new connection. */
#define OVS_CS_F_ESTABLISHED 0x02 /* Part of an existing connection. */
#define OVS_CS_F_RELATED 0x04 /* Related to an established
* connection. */
#define OVS_CS_F_REPLY_DIR 0x08 /* Flow is in the reply direction. */
#define OVS_CS_F_INVALID 0x10 /* Could not track connection. */
#define OVS_CS_F_TRACKED 0x20 /* Conntrack has occurred. */
#define OVS_CS_F_SRC_NAT 0x40 /* Packet's source address/port was
* mangled by NAT.
*/
#define OVS_CS_F_DST_NAT 0x80 /* Packet's destination address/port
* was mangled by NAT.
*/
#define OVS_CS_F_NAT_MASK (OVS_CS_F_SRC_NAT | OVS_CS_F_DST_NAT)
struct ovs_key_ct_tuple_ipv4 {
__be32 ipv4_src;
__be32 ipv4_dst;
__be16 src_port;
__be16 dst_port;
__u8 ipv4_proto;
};
struct ovs_key_ct_tuple_ipv6 {
__be32 ipv6_src[4];
__be32 ipv6_dst[4];
__be16 src_port;
__be16 dst_port;
__u8 ipv6_proto;
};
enum ovs_nsh_key_attr {
OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_BASE, /* struct ovs_nsh_key_base. */
OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_MD1, /* struct ovs_nsh_key_md1. */
OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_MD2, /* variable-length octets for MD type 2. */
__OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_MAX - 1)
struct ovs_nsh_key_base {
__u8 flags;
__u8 ttl;
__u8 mdtype;
__u8 np;
__be32 path_hdr;
};
#define NSH_MD1_CONTEXT_SIZE 4
struct ovs_nsh_key_md1 {
__be32 context[NSH_MD1_CONTEXT_SIZE];
};
/**
* enum ovs_flow_attr - attributes for %OVS_FLOW_* commands.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_KEY: Nested %OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes specifying the flow
* key. Always present in notifications. Required for all requests (except
* dumps).
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_ACTIONS: Nested %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_* attributes specifying
* the actions to take for packets that match the key. Always present in
* notifications. Required for %OVS_FLOW_CMD_NEW requests, optional for
* %OVS_FLOW_CMD_SET requests. An %OVS_FLOW_CMD_SET without
* %OVS_FLOW_ATTR_ACTIONS will not modify the actions. To clear the actions,
* an %OVS_FLOW_ATTR_ACTIONS without any nested attributes must be given.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_STATS: &struct ovs_flow_stats giving statistics for this
* flow. Present in notifications if the stats would be nonzero. Ignored in
* requests.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_TCP_FLAGS: An 8-bit value giving the OR'd value of all of the
* TCP flags seen on packets in this flow. Only present in notifications for
* TCP flows, and only if it would be nonzero. Ignored in requests.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_USED: A 64-bit integer giving the time, in milliseconds on
* the system monotonic clock, at which a packet was last processed for this
* flow. Only present in notifications if a packet has been processed for this
* flow. Ignored in requests.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_CLEAR: If present in a %OVS_FLOW_CMD_SET request, clears the
* last-used time, accumulated TCP flags, and statistics for this flow.
* Otherwise ignored in requests. Never present in notifications.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_MASK: Nested %OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes specifying the
* mask bits for wildcarded flow match. Mask bit value '1' specifies exact
* match with corresponding flow key bit, while mask bit value '0' specifies
* a wildcarded match. Omitting attribute is treated as wildcarding all
* corresponding fields. Optional for all requests. If not present,
* all flow key bits are exact match bits.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_UFID: A value between 1-16 octets specifying a unique
* identifier for the flow. Causes the flow to be indexed by this value rather
* than the value of the %OVS_FLOW_ATTR_KEY attribute. Optional for all
* requests. Present in notifications if the flow was created with this
* attribute.
* @OVS_FLOW_ATTR_UFID_FLAGS: A 32-bit value of OR'd %OVS_UFID_F_*
* flags that provide alternative semantics for flow installation and
* retrieval. Optional for all requests.
*
* These attributes follow the &struct ovs_header within the Generic Netlink
* payload for %OVS_FLOW_* commands.
*/
enum ovs_flow_attr {
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_KEY, /* Sequence of OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_ACTIONS, /* Nested OVS_ACTION_ATTR_* attributes. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_STATS, /* struct ovs_flow_stats. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_TCP_FLAGS, /* 8-bit OR'd TCP flags. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_USED, /* u64 msecs last used in monotonic time. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_CLEAR, /* Flag to clear stats, tcp_flags, used. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_MASK, /* Sequence of OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attributes. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_PROBE, /* Flow operation is a feature probe, error
* logging should be suppressed. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_UFID, /* Variable length unique flow identifier. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_UFID_FLAGS,/* u32 of OVS_UFID_F_*. */
OVS_FLOW_ATTR_PAD,
__OVS_FLOW_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_FLOW_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_FLOW_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/**
* Omit attributes for notifications.
*
* If a datapath request contains an %OVS_UFID_F_OMIT_* flag, then the datapath
* may omit the corresponding %OVS_FLOW_ATTR_* from the response.
*/
#define OVS_UFID_F_OMIT_KEY (1 << 0)
#define OVS_UFID_F_OMIT_MASK (1 << 1)
#define OVS_UFID_F_OMIT_ACTIONS (1 << 2)
/**
* enum ovs_sample_attr - Attributes for %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE action.
* @OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_PROBABILITY: 32-bit fraction of packets to sample with
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE. A value of 0 samples no packets, a value of
* %UINT32_MAX samples all packets and intermediate values sample intermediate
* fractions of packets.
* @OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_ACTIONS: Set of actions to execute in sampling event.
* Actions are passed as nested attributes.
*
* Executes the specified actions with the given probability on a per-packet
* basis.
*/
enum ovs_sample_attr {
OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_PROBABILITY, /* u32 number */
OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_ACTIONS, /* Nested OVS_ACTION_ATTR_* attributes. */
__OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_MAX,
};
#define OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/**
* enum ovs_userspace_attr - Attributes for %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE action.
* @OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_PID: u32 Netlink PID to which the %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION
* message should be sent. Required.
* @OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_USERDATA: If present, its variable-length argument is
* copied to the %OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION message as %OVS_PACKET_ATTR_USERDATA.
* @OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_EGRESS_TUN_PORT: If present, u32 output port to get
* tunnel info.
* @OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_ACTIONS: If present, send actions with upcall.
*/
enum ovs_userspace_attr {
OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_PID, /* u32 Netlink PID to receive upcalls. */
OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_USERDATA, /* Optional user-specified cookie. */
OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_EGRESS_TUN_PORT, /* Optional, u32 output port
* to get tunnel info. */
OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_ACTIONS, /* Optional flag to get actions. */
__OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_MAX - 1)
struct ovs_action_trunc {
__u32 max_len; /* Max packet size in bytes. */
};
/**
* struct ovs_action_push_mpls - %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_MPLS action argument.
* @mpls_lse: MPLS label stack entry to push.
* @mpls_ethertype: Ethertype to set in the encapsulating ethernet frame.
*
* The only values @mpls_ethertype should ever be given are %ETH_P_MPLS_UC and
* %ETH_P_MPLS_MC, indicating MPLS unicast or multicast. Other are rejected.
*/
struct ovs_action_push_mpls {
__be32 mpls_lse;
__be16 mpls_ethertype; /* Either %ETH_P_MPLS_UC or %ETH_P_MPLS_MC */
};
/**
* struct ovs_action_push_vlan - %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN action argument.
* @vlan_tpid: Tag protocol identifier (TPID) to push.
* @vlan_tci: Tag control identifier (TCI) to push. The CFI bit must be set
* (but it will not be set in the 802.1Q header that is pushed).
*
* The @vlan_tpid value is typically %ETH_P_8021Q or %ETH_P_8021AD.
* The only acceptable TPID values are those that the kernel module also parses
* as 802.1Q or 802.1AD headers, to prevent %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN followed
* by %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_VLAN from having surprising results.
*/
struct ovs_action_push_vlan {
__be16 vlan_tpid; /* 802.1Q or 802.1ad TPID. */
__be16 vlan_tci; /* 802.1Q TCI (VLAN ID and priority). */
};
/* Data path hash algorithm for computing Datapath hash.
*
* The algorithm type only specifies the fields in a flow
* will be used as part of the hash. Each datapath is free
* to use its own hash algorithm. The hash value will be
* opaque to the user space daemon.
*/
enum ovs_hash_alg {
OVS_HASH_ALG_L4,
};
/*
* struct ovs_action_hash - %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_HASH action argument.
* @hash_alg: Algorithm used to compute hash prior to recirculation.
* @hash_basis: basis used for computing hash.
*/
struct ovs_action_hash {
__u32 hash_alg; /* One of ovs_hash_alg. */
__u32 hash_basis;
};
/**
* enum ovs_ct_attr - Attributes for %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CT action.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_COMMIT: If present, commits the connection to the conntrack
* table. This allows future packets for the same connection to be identified
* as 'established' or 'related'. The flow key for the current packet will
* retain the pre-commit connection state.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_ZONE: u16 connection tracking zone.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_MARK: u32 value followed by u32 mask. For each bit set in the
* mask, the corresponding bit in the value is copied to the connection
* tracking mark field in the connection.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_LABELS: %OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN value followed by %OVS_CT_LABELS_LEN
* mask. For each bit set in the mask, the corresponding bit in the value is
* copied to the connection tracking label field in the connection.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_HELPER: variable length string defining conntrack ALG.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_NAT: Nested OVS_NAT_ATTR_* for performing L3 network address
* translation (NAT) on the packet.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_FORCE_COMMIT: Like %OVS_CT_ATTR_COMMIT, but instead of doing
* nothing if the connection is already committed will check that the current
* packet is in conntrack entry's original direction. If directionality does
* not match, will delete the existing conntrack entry and commit a new one.
* @OVS_CT_ATTR_EVENTMASK: Mask of bits indicating which conntrack event types
* (enum ip_conntrack_events IPCT_*) should be reported. For any bit set to
* zero, the corresponding event type is not generated. Default behavior
* depends on system configuration, but typically all event types are
* generated, hence listening on NFNLGRP_CONNTRACK_UPDATE events may get a lot
* of events. Explicitly passing this attribute allows limiting the updates
* received to the events of interest. The bit 1 << IPCT_NEW, 1 <<
* IPCT_RELATED, and 1 << IPCT_DESTROY must be set to ones for those events to
* be received on NFNLGRP_CONNTRACK_NEW and NFNLGRP_CONNTRACK_DESTROY groups,
* respectively. Remaining bits control the changes for which an event is
* delivered on the NFNLGRP_CONNTRACK_UPDATE group.
*/
enum ovs_ct_attr {
OVS_CT_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_CT_ATTR_COMMIT, /* No argument, commits connection. */
OVS_CT_ATTR_ZONE, /* u16 zone id. */
OVS_CT_ATTR_MARK, /* mark to associate with this connection. */
OVS_CT_ATTR_LABELS, /* labels to associate with this connection. */
OVS_CT_ATTR_HELPER, /* netlink helper to assist detection of
related connections. */
OVS_CT_ATTR_NAT, /* Nested OVS_NAT_ATTR_* */
OVS_CT_ATTR_FORCE_COMMIT, /* No argument */
OVS_CT_ATTR_EVENTMASK, /* u32 mask of IPCT_* events. */
__OVS_CT_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_CT_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_CT_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/**
* enum ovs_nat_attr - Attributes for %OVS_CT_ATTR_NAT.
*
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_SRC: Flag for Source NAT (mangle source address/port).
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_DST: Flag for Destination NAT (mangle destination
* address/port). Only one of (@OVS_NAT_ATTR_SRC, @OVS_NAT_ATTR_DST) may be
* specified. Effective only for packets for ct_state NEW connections.
* Packets of committed connections are mangled by the NAT action according to
* the committed NAT type regardless of the flags specified. As a corollary, a
* NAT action without a NAT type flag will only mangle packets of committed
* connections. The following NAT attributes only apply for NEW
* (non-committed) connections, and they may be included only when the CT
* action has the @OVS_CT_ATTR_COMMIT flag and either @OVS_NAT_ATTR_SRC or
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_DST is also included.
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_IP_MIN: struct in_addr or struct in6_addr
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_IP_MAX: struct in_addr or struct in6_addr
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_MIN: u16 L4 protocol specific lower boundary (port)
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_MAX: u16 L4 protocol specific upper boundary (port)
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_PERSISTENT: Flag for persistent IP mapping across reboots
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_HASH: Flag for pseudo random L4 port mapping (MD5)
* @OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_RANDOM: Flag for fully randomized L4 port mapping
*/
enum ovs_nat_attr {
OVS_NAT_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_SRC,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_DST,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_IP_MIN,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_IP_MAX,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_MIN,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_MAX,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_PERSISTENT,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_HASH,
OVS_NAT_ATTR_PROTO_RANDOM,
__OVS_NAT_ATTR_MAX,
};
#define OVS_NAT_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_NAT_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/*
* struct ovs_action_push_eth - %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_ETH action argument.
* @addresses: Source and destination MAC addresses.
* @eth_type: Ethernet type
*/
struct ovs_action_push_eth {
struct ovs_key_ethernet addresses;
};
/**
* enum ovs_action_attr - Action types.
*
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT: Output packet to port.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_TRUNC: Output packet to port with truncated packet size.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE: Send packet to userspace according to nested
* %OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_* attributes.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET: Replaces the contents of an existing header. The
* single nested %OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attribute specifies a header to modify and its
* value.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET_MASKED: Replaces the contents of an existing header. A
* nested %OVS_KEY_ATTR_* attribute specifies a header to modify, its value,
* and a mask. For every bit set in the mask, the corresponding bit value
* is copied from the value to the packet header field, rest of the bits are
* left unchanged. The non-masked value bits must be passed in as zeroes.
* Masking is not supported for the %OVS_KEY_ATTR_TUNNEL attribute.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN: Push a new outermost 802.1Q or 802.1ad header
* onto the packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_VLAN: Pop the outermost 802.1Q or 802.1ad header
* from the packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE: Probabilitically executes actions, as specified in
* the nested %OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_* attributes.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_MPLS: Push a new MPLS label stack entry onto the
* top of the packets MPLS label stack. Set the ethertype of the
* encapsulating frame to either %ETH_P_MPLS_UC or %ETH_P_MPLS_MC to
* indicate the new packet contents.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_MPLS: Pop an MPLS label stack entry off of the
* packet's MPLS label stack. Set the encapsulating frame's ethertype to
* indicate the new packet contents. This could potentially still be
* %ETH_P_MPLS if the resulting MPLS label stack is not empty. If there
* is no MPLS label stack, as determined by ethertype, no action is taken.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CT: Track the connection. Populate the conntrack-related
* entries in the flow key.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_ETH: Push a new outermost Ethernet header onto the
* packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_ETH: Pop the outermost Ethernet header off the
* packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CT_CLEAR: Clear conntrack state from the packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_NSH: push NSH header to the packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_NSH: pop the outermost NSH header off the packet.
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_METER: Run packet through a meter, which may drop the
* packet, or modify the packet (e.g., change the DSCP field).
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CLONE: make a copy of the packet and execute a list of
* actions without affecting the original packet and key.
*
* Only a single header can be set with a single %OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET. Not all
* fields within a header are modifiable, e.g. the IPv4 protocol and fragment
* type may not be changed.
*
* @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET_TO_MASKED: Kernel internal masked set action translated
* from the @OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET.
*/
enum ovs_action_attr {
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT, /* u32 port number. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE, /* Nested OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_*. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET, /* One nested OVS_KEY_ATTR_*. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN, /* struct ovs_action_push_vlan. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_VLAN, /* No argument. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE, /* Nested OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_*. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_RECIRC, /* u32 recirc_id. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_HASH, /* struct ovs_action_hash. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_MPLS, /* struct ovs_action_push_mpls. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_MPLS, /* __be16 ethertype. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET_MASKED, /* One nested OVS_KEY_ATTR_* including
* data immediately followed by a mask.
* The data must be zero for the unmasked
* bits. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CT, /* Nested OVS_CT_ATTR_* . */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_TRUNC, /* u32 struct ovs_action_trunc. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_ETH, /* struct ovs_action_push_eth. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_ETH, /* No argument. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CT_CLEAR, /* No argument. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_NSH, /* Nested OVS_NSH_KEY_ATTR_*. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_NSH, /* No argument. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_METER, /* u32 meter ID. */
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_CLONE, /* Nested OVS_CLONE_ATTR_*. */
__OVS_ACTION_ATTR_MAX, /* Nothing past this will be accepted
* from userspace. */
};
#define OVS_ACTION_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_ACTION_ATTR_MAX - 1)
/* Meters. */
#define OVS_METER_FAMILY "ovs_meter"
#define OVS_METER_MCGROUP "ovs_meter"
#define OVS_METER_VERSION 0x1
enum ovs_meter_cmd {
OVS_METER_CMD_UNSPEC,
OVS_METER_CMD_FEATURES, /* Get features supported by the datapath. */
OVS_METER_CMD_SET, /* Add or modify a meter. */
OVS_METER_CMD_DEL, /* Delete a meter. */
OVS_METER_CMD_GET /* Get meter stats. */
};
enum ovs_meter_attr {
OVS_METER_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_METER_ATTR_ID, /* u32 meter ID within datapath. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_KBPS, /* No argument. If set, units in kilobits
* per second. Otherwise, units in
* packets per second.
*/
OVS_METER_ATTR_STATS, /* struct ovs_flow_stats for the meter. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_BANDS, /* Nested attributes for meter bands. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_USED, /* u64 msecs last used in monotonic time. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_CLEAR, /* Flag to clear stats, used. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_MAX_METERS, /* u32 number of meters supported. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_MAX_BANDS, /* u32 max number of bands per meter. */
OVS_METER_ATTR_PAD,
__OVS_METER_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_METER_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_METER_ATTR_MAX - 1)
enum ovs_band_attr {
OVS_BAND_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_BAND_ATTR_TYPE, /* u32 OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_* constant. */
OVS_BAND_ATTR_RATE, /* u32 band rate in meter units (see above). */
OVS_BAND_ATTR_BURST, /* u32 burst size in meter units. */
OVS_BAND_ATTR_STATS, /* struct ovs_flow_stats for the band. */
__OVS_BAND_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_BAND_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_BAND_ATTR_MAX - 1)
enum ovs_meter_band_type {
OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_UNSPEC,
OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_DROP, /* Drop exceeding packets. */
__OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_MAX
};
#define OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_MAX (__OVS_METER_BAND_TYPE_MAX - 1)
/* Conntrack limit */
#define OVS_CT_LIMIT_FAMILY "ovs_ct_limit"
#define OVS_CT_LIMIT_MCGROUP "ovs_ct_limit"
#define OVS_CT_LIMIT_VERSION 0x1
enum ovs_ct_limit_cmd {
OVS_CT_LIMIT_CMD_UNSPEC,
OVS_CT_LIMIT_CMD_SET, /* Add or modify ct limit. */
OVS_CT_LIMIT_CMD_DEL, /* Delete ct limit. */
OVS_CT_LIMIT_CMD_GET /* Get ct limit. */
};
enum ovs_ct_limit_attr {
OVS_CT_LIMIT_ATTR_UNSPEC,
OVS_CT_LIMIT_ATTR_ZONE_LIMIT, /* Nested struct ovs_zone_limit. */
__OVS_CT_LIMIT_ATTR_MAX
};
#define OVS_CT_LIMIT_ATTR_MAX (__OVS_CT_LIMIT_ATTR_MAX - 1)
#define OVS_ZONE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_ZONE -1
struct ovs_zone_limit {
int zone_id;
__u32 limit;
__u32 count;
};
#endif /* _LINUX_OPENVSWITCH_H */
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
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Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
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Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
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EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
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How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
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Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
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For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
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In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
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We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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