/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note */
/*
* Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Vojtech Pavlik
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
* the Free Software Foundation.
*/
#ifndef _INPUT_H
#define _INPUT_H
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include "input-event-codes.h"
/*
* The event structure itself
* Note that __USE_TIME_BITS64 is defined by libc based on
* application's request to use 64 bit time_t.
*/
struct input_event {
#if (__BITS_PER_LONG != 32 || !defined(__USE_TIME_BITS64)) && !defined(__KERNEL__)
struct timeval time;
#define input_event_sec time.tv_sec
#define input_event_usec time.tv_usec
#else
__kernel_ulong_t __sec;
#if defined(__sparc__) && defined(__arch64__)
unsigned int __usec;
unsigned int __pad;
#else
__kernel_ulong_t __usec;
#endif
#define input_event_sec __sec
#define input_event_usec __usec
#endif
__u16 type;
__u16 code;
__s32 value;
};
/*
* Protocol version.
*/
#define EV_VERSION 0x010001
/*
* IOCTLs (0x00 - 0x7f)
*/
struct input_id {
__u16 bustype;
__u16 vendor;
__u16 product;
__u16 version;
};
/**
* struct input_absinfo - used by EVIOCGABS/EVIOCSABS ioctls
* @value: latest reported value for the axis.
* @minimum: specifies minimum value for the axis.
* @maximum: specifies maximum value for the axis.
* @fuzz: specifies fuzz value that is used to filter noise from
* the event stream.
* @flat: values that are within this value will be discarded by
* joydev interface and reported as 0 instead.
* @resolution: specifies resolution for the values reported for
* the axis.
*
* Note that input core does not clamp reported values to the
* [minimum, maximum] limits, such task is left to userspace.
*
* The default resolution for main axes (ABS_X, ABS_Y, ABS_Z)
* is reported in units per millimeter (units/mm), resolution
* for rotational axes (ABS_RX, ABS_RY, ABS_RZ) is reported
* in units per radian.
* When INPUT_PROP_ACCELEROMETER is set the resolution changes.
* The main axes (ABS_X, ABS_Y, ABS_Z) are then reported in
* in units per g (units/g) and in units per degree per second
* (units/deg/s) for rotational axes (ABS_RX, ABS_RY, ABS_RZ).
*/
struct input_absinfo {
__s32 value;
__s32 minimum;
__s32 maximum;
__s32 fuzz;
__s32 flat;
__s32 resolution;
};
/**
* struct input_keymap_entry - used by EVIOCGKEYCODE/EVIOCSKEYCODE ioctls
* @scancode: scancode represented in machine-endian form.
* @len: length of the scancode that resides in @scancode buffer.
* @index: index in the keymap, may be used instead of scancode
* @flags: allows to specify how kernel should handle the request. For
* example, setting INPUT_KEYMAP_BY_INDEX flag indicates that kernel
* should perform lookup in keymap by @index instead of @scancode
* @keycode: key code assigned to this scancode
*
* The structure is used to retrieve and modify keymap data. Users have
* option of performing lookup either by @scancode itself or by @index
* in keymap entry. EVIOCGKEYCODE will also return scancode or index
* (depending on which element was used to perform lookup).
*/
struct input_keymap_entry {
#define INPUT_KEYMAP_BY_INDEX (1 << 0)
__u8 flags;
__u8 len;
__u16 index;
__u32 keycode;
__u8 scancode[32];
};
struct input_mask {
__u32 type;
__u32 codes_size;
__u64 codes_ptr;
};
#define EVIOCGVERSION _IOR('E', 0x01, int) /* get driver version */
#define EVIOCGID _IOR('E', 0x02, struct input_id) /* get device ID */
#define EVIOCGREP _IOR('E', 0x03, unsigned int[2]) /* get repeat settings */
#define EVIOCSREP _IOW('E', 0x03, unsigned int[2]) /* set repeat settings */
#define EVIOCGKEYCODE _IOR('E', 0x04, unsigned int[2]) /* get keycode */
#define EVIOCGKEYCODE_V2 _IOR('E', 0x04, struct input_keymap_entry)
#define EVIOCSKEYCODE _IOW('E', 0x04, unsigned int[2]) /* set keycode */
#define EVIOCSKEYCODE_V2 _IOW('E', 0x04, struct input_keymap_entry)
#define EVIOCGNAME(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x06, len) /* get device name */
#define EVIOCGPHYS(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x07, len) /* get physical location */
#define EVIOCGUNIQ(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x08, len) /* get unique identifier */
#define EVIOCGPROP(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x09, len) /* get device properties */
/**
* EVIOCGMTSLOTS(len) - get MT slot values
* @len: size of the data buffer in bytes
*
* The ioctl buffer argument should be binary equivalent to
*
* struct input_mt_request_layout {
* __u32 code;
* __s32 values[num_slots];
* };
*
* where num_slots is the (arbitrary) number of MT slots to extract.
*
* The ioctl size argument (len) is the size of the buffer, which
* should satisfy len = (num_slots + 1) * sizeof(__s32). If len is
* too small to fit all available slots, the first num_slots are
* returned.
*
* Before the call, code is set to the wanted ABS_MT event type. On
* return, values[] is filled with the slot values for the specified
* ABS_MT code.
*
* If the request code is not an ABS_MT value, -EINVAL is returned.
*/
#define EVIOCGMTSLOTS(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x0a, len)
#define EVIOCGKEY(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x18, len) /* get global key state */
#define EVIOCGLED(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x19, len) /* get all LEDs */
#define EVIOCGSND(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x1a, len) /* get all sounds status */
#define EVIOCGSW(len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x1b, len) /* get all switch states */
#define EVIOCGBIT(ev,len) _IOC(_IOC_READ, 'E', 0x20 + (ev), len) /* get event bits */
#define EVIOCGABS(abs) _IOR('E', 0x40 + (abs), struct input_absinfo) /* get abs value/limits */
#define EVIOCSABS(abs) _IOW('E', 0xc0 + (abs), struct input_absinfo) /* set abs value/limits */
#define EVIOCSFF _IOW('E', 0x80, struct ff_effect) /* send a force effect to a force feedback device */
#define EVIOCRMFF _IOW('E', 0x81, int) /* Erase a force effect */
#define EVIOCGEFFECTS _IOR('E', 0x84, int) /* Report number of effects playable at the same time */
#define EVIOCGRAB _IOW('E', 0x90, int) /* Grab/Release device */
#define EVIOCREVOKE _IOW('E', 0x91, int) /* Revoke device access */
/**
* EVIOCGMASK - Retrieve current event mask
*
* This ioctl allows user to retrieve the current event mask for specific
* event type. The argument must be of type "struct input_mask" and
* specifies the event type to query, the address of the receive buffer and
* the size of the receive buffer.
*
* The event mask is a per-client mask that specifies which events are
* forwarded to the client. Each event code is represented by a single bit
* in the event mask. If the bit is set, the event is passed to the client
* normally. Otherwise, the event is filtered and will never be queued on
* the client's receive buffer.
*
* Event masks do not affect global state of the input device. They only
* affect the file descriptor they are applied to.
*
* The default event mask for a client has all bits set, i.e. all events
* are forwarded to the client. If the kernel is queried for an unknown
* event type or if the receive buffer is larger than the number of
* event codes known to the kernel, the kernel returns all zeroes for those
* codes.
*
* At maximum, codes_size bytes are copied.
*
* This ioctl may fail with ENODEV in case the file is revoked, EFAULT
* if the receive-buffer points to invalid memory, or EINVAL if the kernel
* does not implement the ioctl.
*/
#define EVIOCGMASK _IOR('E', 0x92, struct input_mask) /* Get event-masks */
/**
* EVIOCSMASK - Set event mask
*
* This ioctl is the counterpart to EVIOCGMASK. Instead of receiving the
* current event mask, this changes the client's event mask for a specific
* type. See EVIOCGMASK for a description of event-masks and the
* argument-type.
*
* This ioctl provides full forward compatibility. If the passed event type
* is unknown to the kernel, or if the number of event codes specified in
* the mask is bigger than what is known to the kernel, the ioctl is still
* accepted and applied. However, any unknown codes are left untouched and
* stay cleared. That means, the kernel always filters unknown codes
* regardless of what the client requests. If the new mask doesn't cover
* all known event-codes, all remaining codes are automatically cleared and
* thus filtered.
*
* This ioctl may fail with ENODEV in case the file is revoked. EFAULT is
* returned if the receive-buffer points to invalid memory. EINVAL is returned
* if the kernel does not implement the ioctl.
*/
#define EVIOCSMASK _IOW('E', 0x93, struct input_mask) /* Set event-masks */
#define EVIOCSCLOCKID _IOW('E', 0xa0, int) /* Set clockid to be used for timestamps */
/*
* IDs.
*/
#define ID_BUS 0
#define ID_VENDOR 1
#define ID_PRODUCT 2
#define ID_VERSION 3
#define BUS_PCI 0x01
#define BUS_ISAPNP 0x02
#define BUS_USB 0x03
#define BUS_HIL 0x04
#define BUS_BLUETOOTH 0x05
#define BUS_VIRTUAL 0x06
#define BUS_ISA 0x10
#define BUS_I8042 0x11
#define BUS_XTKBD 0x12
#define BUS_RS232 0x13
#define BUS_GAMEPORT 0x14
#define BUS_PARPORT 0x15
#define BUS_AMIGA 0x16
#define BUS_ADB 0x17
#define BUS_I2C 0x18
#define BUS_HOST 0x19
#define BUS_GSC 0x1A
#define BUS_ATARI 0x1B
#define BUS_SPI 0x1C
#define BUS_RMI 0x1D
#define BUS_CEC 0x1E
#define BUS_INTEL_ISHTP 0x1F
/*
* MT_TOOL types
*/
#define MT_TOOL_FINGER 0x00
#define MT_TOOL_PEN 0x01
#define MT_TOOL_PALM 0x02
#define MT_TOOL_DIAL 0x0a
#define MT_TOOL_MAX 0x0f
/*
* Values describing the status of a force-feedback effect
*/
#define FF_STATUS_STOPPED 0x00
#define FF_STATUS_PLAYING 0x01
#define FF_STATUS_MAX 0x01
/*
* Structures used in ioctls to upload effects to a device
* They are pieces of a bigger structure (called ff_effect)
*/
/*
* All duration values are expressed in ms. Values above 32767 ms (0x7fff)
* should not be used and have unspecified results.
*/
/**
* struct ff_replay - defines scheduling of the force-feedback effect
* @length: duration of the effect
* @delay: delay before effect should start playing
*/
struct ff_replay {
__u16 length;
__u16 delay;
};
/**
* struct ff_trigger - defines what triggers the force-feedback effect
* @button: number of the button triggering the effect
* @interval: controls how soon the effect can be re-triggered
*/
struct ff_trigger {
__u16 button;
__u16 interval;
};
/**
* struct ff_envelope - generic force-feedback effect envelope
* @attack_length: duration of the attack (ms)
* @attack_level: level at the beginning of the attack
* @fade_length: duration of fade (ms)
* @fade_level: level at the end of fade
*
* The @attack_level and @fade_level are absolute values; when applying
* envelope force-feedback core will convert to positive/negative
* value based on polarity of the default level of the effect.
* Valid range for the attack and fade levels is 0x0000 - 0x7fff
*/
struct ff_envelope {
__u16 attack_length;
__u16 attack_level;
__u16 fade_length;
__u16 fade_level;
};
/**
* struct ff_constant_effect - defines parameters of a constant force-feedback effect
* @level: strength of the effect; may be negative
* @envelope: envelope data
*/
struct ff_constant_effect {
__s16 level;
struct ff_envelope envelope;
};
/**
* struct ff_ramp_effect - defines parameters of a ramp force-feedback effect
* @start_level: beginning strength of the effect; may be negative
* @end_level: final strength of the effect; may be negative
* @envelope: envelope data
*/
struct ff_ramp_effect {
__s16 start_level;
__s16 end_level;
struct ff_envelope envelope;
};
/**
* struct ff_condition_effect - defines a spring or friction force-feedback effect
* @right_saturation: maximum level when joystick moved all way to the right
* @left_saturation: same for the left side
* @right_coeff: controls how fast the force grows when the joystick moves
* to the right
* @left_coeff: same for the left side
* @deadband: size of the dead zone, where no force is produced
* @center: position of the dead zone
*/
struct ff_condition_effect {
__u16 right_saturation;
__u16 left_saturation;
__s16 right_coeff;
__s16 left_coeff;
__u16 deadband;
__s16 center;
};
/**
* struct ff_periodic_effect - defines parameters of a periodic force-feedback effect
* @waveform: kind of the effect (wave)
* @period: period of the wave (ms)
* @magnitude: peak value
* @offset: mean value of the wave (roughly)
* @phase: 'horizontal' shift
* @envelope: envelope data
* @custom_len: number of samples (FF_CUSTOM only)
* @custom_data: buffer of samples (FF_CUSTOM only)
*
* Known waveforms - FF_SQUARE, FF_TRIANGLE, FF_SINE, FF_SAW_UP,
* FF_SAW_DOWN, FF_CUSTOM. The exact syntax FF_CUSTOM is undefined
* for the time being as no driver supports it yet.
*
* Note: the data pointed by custom_data is copied by the driver.
* You can therefore dispose of the memory after the upload/update.
*/
struct ff_periodic_effect {
__u16 waveform;
__u16 period;
__s16 magnitude;
__s16 offset;
__u16 phase;
struct ff_envelope envelope;
__u32 custom_len;
__s16 *custom_data;
};
/**
* struct ff_rumble_effect - defines parameters of a periodic force-feedback effect
* @strong_magnitude: magnitude of the heavy motor
* @weak_magnitude: magnitude of the light one
*
* Some rumble pads have two motors of different weight. Strong_magnitude
* represents the magnitude of the vibration generated by the heavy one.
*/
struct ff_rumble_effect {
__u16 strong_magnitude;
__u16 weak_magnitude;
};
/**
* struct ff_effect - defines force feedback effect
* @type: type of the effect (FF_CONSTANT, FF_PERIODIC, FF_RAMP, FF_SPRING,
* FF_FRICTION, FF_DAMPER, FF_RUMBLE, FF_INERTIA, or FF_CUSTOM)
* @id: an unique id assigned to an effect
* @direction: direction of the effect
* @trigger: trigger conditions (struct ff_trigger)
* @replay: scheduling of the effect (struct ff_replay)
* @u: effect-specific structure (one of ff_constant_effect, ff_ramp_effect,
* ff_periodic_effect, ff_condition_effect, ff_rumble_effect) further
* defining effect parameters
*
* This structure is sent through ioctl from the application to the driver.
* To create a new effect application should set its @id to -1; the kernel
* will return assigned @id which can later be used to update or delete
* this effect.
*
* Direction of the effect is encoded as follows:
* 0 deg -> 0x0000 (down)
* 90 deg -> 0x4000 (left)
* 180 deg -> 0x8000 (up)
* 270 deg -> 0xC000 (right)
*/
struct ff_effect {
__u16 type;
__s16 id;
__u16 direction;
struct ff_trigger trigger;
struct ff_replay replay;
union {
struct ff_constant_effect constant;
struct ff_ramp_effect ramp;
struct ff_periodic_effect periodic;
struct ff_condition_effect condition[2]; /* One for each axis */
struct ff_rumble_effect rumble;
} u;
};
/*
* Force feedback effect types
*/
#define FF_RUMBLE 0x50
#define FF_PERIODIC 0x51
#define FF_CONSTANT 0x52
#define FF_SPRING 0x53
#define FF_FRICTION 0x54
#define FF_DAMPER 0x55
#define FF_INERTIA 0x56
#define FF_RAMP 0x57
#define FF_EFFECT_MIN FF_RUMBLE
#define FF_EFFECT_MAX FF_RAMP
/*
* Force feedback periodic effect types
*/
#define FF_SQUARE 0x58
#define FF_TRIANGLE 0x59
#define FF_SINE 0x5a
#define FF_SAW_UP 0x5b
#define FF_SAW_DOWN 0x5c
#define FF_CUSTOM 0x5d
#define FF_WAVEFORM_MIN FF_SQUARE
#define FF_WAVEFORM_MAX FF_CUSTOM
/*
* Set ff device properties
*/
#define FF_GAIN 0x60
#define FF_AUTOCENTER 0x61
/*
* ff->playback(effect_id = FF_GAIN) is the first effect_id to
* cause a collision with another ff method, in this case ff->set_gain().
* Therefore the greatest safe value for effect_id is FF_GAIN - 1,
* and thus the total number of effects should never exceed FF_GAIN.
*/
#define FF_MAX_EFFECTS FF_GAIN
#define FF_MAX 0x7f
#define FF_CNT (FF_MAX+1)
#endif /* _INPUT_H */
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.
