#!/usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/bin/perl
# cpanel - scripts/initquotas Copyright 2022 cPanel, L.L.C.
# All rights reserved.
# copyright@cpanel.net http://cpanel.net
# This code is subject to the cPanel license. Unauthorized copying is prohibited
package scripts::initquotas;
use strict;
use warnings;
use IPC::Open3 ();
use Cpanel::ArrayFunc::Uniq ();
use Cpanel::Quota::Filesys ();
use Quota ();
use Cpanel::TimeHiRes ();
use Cpanel::ConfigFiles ();
use Cpanel::Backup::Config ();
use Cpanel::FileUtils::TouchFile ();
use Cpanel::Binaries ();
use Cpanel::FindBin ();
use Cpanel::Filesys::Info ();
use Cpanel::Filesys::FindParse ();
use Cpanel::Filesys::Mounts ();
use Cpanel::SafeRun::Simple ();
use Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors ();
use Cpanel::Transaction::File::Raw ();
use Cpanel::Config::LoadWwwAcctConf ();
use Cpanel::Unix::PID::Tiny ();
use Cpanel::OS ();
use Cpanel::Quota::Cache ();
use Cpanel::SysQuota::Cache ();
use Cpanel::MysqlUtils::Dir ();
use Try::Tiny;
my %cmd = (
'quota' => undef,
'quotaon' => undef,
'quotaoff' => undef,
'quotacheck' => undef,
'convertquota' => undef,
);
our $FSTAB_FILE = '/etc/fstab';
my $ENABLE_QUOTA = 1;
my $DISABLE_QUOTA = 0;
my $pidfile = '/var/run/initquotas.pid';
my @ALL_QUOTA_FILES = ( 'quota.user', 'aquota.user', 'quota.group', 'aquota.group' );
my $supported_file_system_regex = 'ext[234]|reiserfs';
my $journaled_supported_file_system_regex = 'ext[34]|reiserfs';
my $do_quotacheck = ( grep( m/skipquotacheck/i, @ARGV ) || -d '/proc/vz/vzaquota' ) ? 0 : 1;
my $supports_journaled_quota = supports_journaled_quota();
my $mountkeyword = 'remount';
if ( Cpanel::OS::has_quota_support_for_xfs() ) {
$supported_file_system_regex .= '|xfs';
}
my $DEFAULT_MYSQL_DATADIR = '/var/lib/mysql';
if ( !caller() ) {
local $| = 1;
my $upid = Cpanel::Unix::PID::Tiny->new();
# Check for running instances of initquotas.
if ( !$upid->pid_file($pidfile) ) {
my $pid = $upid->get_pid_from_pidfile($pidfile);
print "Another instance of initquotas appears to be running at PID '$pid'.\n";
exit 1;
}
# Check for running instance of quotacheck.
if ( my $pid = $upid->is_pidfile_running('/var/run/quotacheck.pid') ) {
print "An instance of quotacheck appears to be running at PID '$pid'.\n";
exit 1;
}
my $ok = __PACKAGE__->run();
exit( $ok ? 0 : 1 );
}
sub run {
if ( !verify_all_quota_binaries_are_in_place() ) {
return 0;
}
chmod oct(4755), $cmd{'quota'};
my @mount_output = split( /\n/, Cpanel::SafeRun::Simple::saferun('mount') );
my $has_filesystems_with_quota = grep( /with\s+quotas|usrj?quota/, @mount_output ) ? 1 : 0;
my $mount_point_config = get_mount_point_config();
# Modify fstab as needed
my ( $fses_to_convert_arrayref, $mount_cmds_ref, $need_quotacheck ) = setup_quotas($mount_point_config);
# Don't run quotacheck if none of our file systems use it.
$do_quotacheck &&= $need_quotacheck;
if ( @$mount_cmds_ref || $do_quotacheck ) {
local $ENV{'LANG'} = 'C';
my $quota_off = Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunnoerror( $cmd{'quotaoff'}, '-a' );
foreach my $line ( split( /\n/, $quota_off ) ) {
next if $line =~ /no\s+such\s+process/i;
print "Running quotaoff failed!\n";
Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunnoerror( $cmd{'quotaon'}, '-a' );
exit 1;
}
}
# Now actually remount the file systems with or without quotas based on the logic above.
# So /etc/fstab matches what is actually going on
foreach my $data ( @{$mount_cmds_ref} ) {
my ( $cmdref, $fstab, $journaled ) = @{$data}{qw/cmd fstab journaled/};
my $result = Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunallerrors( @{$cmdref} );
if ($result) {
my $cmd = join( " ", @{$cmdref} );
print "Warning: mount failure while executing $cmd: $result\n";
if ($journaled) {
print "Trying non-journaled quotas instead for $cmdref->[-1]\n";
_update_fstab_line( \$fstab, $DISABLE_QUOTA, $journaled );
_update_fstab_line( \$fstab, $ENABLE_QUOTA, 0 );
rebuild_fstab( sub { $data->{'fstab'} eq $_[0] ? $fstab : $_[0] } );
$result = Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunallerrors( @{$cmdref} );
print "Warning: mount failure while executing $cmd: $result\n" if $result;
}
if ($result) {
print "Disabling quotas for $cmdref->[-1]\n";
_update_fstab_line( \$fstab, $DISABLE_QUOTA, 0 );
rebuild_fstab( sub { $data->{'fstab'} eq $_[0] ? $fstab : $_[0] } );
}
}
}
if ( !$do_quotacheck ) {
Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunnoerror( $cmd{'quotaon'}, '-a' );
if ( !$need_quotacheck ) {
print "Quotas have been enabled and updated.\n";
}
else {
print "Quotas have been enabled, however they may not be up to date as quotacheck has been skipped.\n";
}
exit 0;
}
purge_quotas($fses_to_convert_arrayref);
Cpanel::Filesys::Mounts::clear_mounts_cache();
run_quota_check();
convert_quotas($fses_to_convert_arrayref);
Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunnoerror( $cmd{'quotaon'}, '-a' );
reset_quota_caches();
Cpanel::Filesys::Mounts::clear_mounts_cache();
print "Quotas have been enabled and updated.\n";
return 1;
}
sub reset_quota_caches {
Cpanel::SysQuota::Cache::purge_cache();
try {
Cpanel::Quota::Cache::update_quota_cache_dir();
};
# No reason to catch as update_quota_cache_dir
# has already logged the error.
return;
}
sub purge_quotas {
my $fses_to_purge_arrayref = shift;
foreach my $mntpoint (@$fses_to_purge_arrayref) {
_purge_quota_files($mntpoint);
}
return;
}
sub convert_quotas {
my $fses_to_convert_arrayref = shift;
foreach my $mntpoint (@$fses_to_convert_arrayref) {
Cpanel::SafeRun::Errors::saferunnoerror( $cmd{'convertquota'}, $mntpoint ) unless $supports_journaled_quota;
_set_quota_file_perms($mntpoint);
}
return;
}
sub run_quota_check {
my $fs = Cpanel::Quota::Filesys->new();
my $paths_ref = $fs->get_devices_with_quotas_enabled();
print 'Updating Quota Files......';
foreach my $dev ( sort keys %$paths_ref ) {
next if index( $paths_ref->{$dev}{'fstype'}, 'xfs' ) > -1;
next if index( $paths_ref->{$dev}{'mode'}, 'quota' ) == -1;
my ($format) = $paths_ref->{$dev}{'mode'} =~ m{jqfmt=([a-z0-9]+)};
if ( $paths_ref->{$dev}{'mode'} =~ m{usrjquota}i ) {
$format ||= 'vfsv1';
}
my @args = ( '--create-files', '--user', '--group', '--verbose', '--force', '--use-first-dquot', '--no-remount' );
if ($format) {
quotarun( $cmd{'quotacheck'}, @args, '--format=' . $format, $dev );
}
else {
# Cannot detect so do all three
quotarun( $cmd{'quotacheck'}, @args, '--format=vfsold', $dev );
quotarun( $cmd{'quotacheck'}, @args, '--format=vfsv0', $dev );
quotarun( $cmd{'quotacheck'}, @args, '--format=vfsv1', $dev );
}
}
print '....Done' . "\n";
return;
}
sub quotarun {
my (@CMD) = @_;
print "\n\t";
my $empty_dir = q{/var/cpanel/empty_directory};
if ( !-d $empty_dir ) {
die "Cannot create directory '$empty_dir': $!" unless mkdir( $empty_dir, 0700 );
}
local $ENV{'LD_PRELOAD'} = "$Cpanel::ConfigFiles::CPANEL_ROOT/lib/quotacheck_virtfs_wrapper.so";
print "Running Task: “@CMD”.\n";
my $start_time = Cpanel::TimeHiRes::time();
my $qout_fh;
my $pid = IPC::Open3::open3( '>/dev/null', $qout_fh, $qout_fh, @CMD );
while ( read( $qout_fh, $_, 1 ) ) {
syswrite( STDOUT, $_ eq "\n" ? "\n\t" : $_ );
}
print "\n";
close($qout_fh);
waitpid( $pid, 0 );
my $end_time = Cpanel::TimeHiRes::time();
my $exec_time = sprintf( "%.3f", ( $end_time - $start_time ) );
print "Completed Task: “@CMD” in $exec_time second(s).\n";
return;
}
sub _purge_quota_files {
my $mntpoint = shift;
my @files_to_purge = map { ( "$_.new", $_ ) } @ALL_QUOTA_FILES;
foreach my $quota_file (@files_to_purge) {
if ( -e $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file ) { unlink( $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file ) }
}
return;
}
sub _set_quota_file_perms {
my $mntpoint = shift;
foreach my $quota_file (@ALL_QUOTA_FILES) {
if ( -e $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file ) { chmod 0644, $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file }
}
return;
}
sub wall {
my $wall_txt = shift;
my $wall_cmd = Cpanel::Binaries::path('wall');
-x $wall_cmd
or return;
if ( open( my $wall_fh, '|-' ) || exec($wall_cmd ) ) {
print {$wall_fh} $wall_txt;
close($wall_fh);
}
return;
}
sub rebuild_fstab {
my ($changeref) = @_;
my @CFILE;
my $trans = _get_fstab_transaction();
my $fstab_sr = $trans->get_data();
foreach my $fstab_line ( split( m{^}, $$fstab_sr ) ) {
push @CFILE, &$changeref($fstab_line);
}
my $data = join( '', @CFILE );
$trans->set_data( \$data );
$trans->save_and_close_or_die();
return;
}
sub _get_fstab_transaction {
return Cpanel::Transaction::File::Raw->new( 'path' => $FSTAB_FILE, 'permissions' => 0644, 'restore_original_permissions' => 1 );
}
#
# Cycle though the fstab and add usrquota to all supported filesystems
# and remove from filesystems that should not have them
#
sub setup_quotas { ## no critic(Subroutines::ProhibitExcessComplexity) -- Refactoring this function is a project, not a bug fix
my $mount_point_config = shift;
my @CFILE;
my @MOUNT_CMDS;
my @NEED_CONVERT;
my $wwwacct_ref = Cpanel::Config::LoadWwwAcctConf::loadwwwacctconf();
my $home = $wwwacct_ref->{'HOMEDIR'} || '/home';
my $trans = _get_fstab_transaction();
my $fstab_sr = $trans->get_data();
my $need_quotacheck = 0;
LINE:
foreach my $fstab_line ( split( m{^}, $$fstab_sr ) ) {
if ( $fstab_line =~ /^(\S+)\s*(\S+)/ ) {
if ( $fstab_line =~ /^#/ ) {
push @CFILE, $fstab_line;
next LINE;
}
my ( $dsk, $mntpoint, $fstype, $options, $dump, $pass, @opts ) = split( /\s+/, $fstab_line );
my @options = split( /\s*\,\s*/, $options || '' );
if ( grep( /^(?:ro|noauto|loop)/, @options ) ) {
push @CFILE, $fstab_line;
next LINE;
}
if ( grep( /^noquota/, @options ) ) {
print "The system will leave quotas disabled on $mntpoint because the noquota option was specified in the fstab file.\n";
push @CFILE, $fstab_line;
next LINE;
}
my $has_usr_quota = ( $fstab_line =~ /\bu(srj?)?quota\b/ ? 1 : 0 );
$dsk =~ s/^LABEL=//g;
if ( $fstab_line =~ /\s*$supported_file_system_regex/ ) {
foreach my $quota_file (@ALL_QUOTA_FILES) {
if ( -l $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file ) {
push( @CFILE, $fstab_line );
next LINE; #openvz
}
}
my $use_journaled = $fstab_line =~ /\s*$journaled_supported_file_system_regex/ ? $supports_journaled_quota : 0;
my $mountpnt_can_do_quota = ( $mntpoint =~ /^(?:\/boot|\/tmp)/ ? 0 : 1 );
$need_quotacheck ||= ( $fstype ne 'xfs' || Cpanel::OS::has_quota_support_for_xfs() ) && $mountpnt_can_do_quota;
my $config = $mount_point_config->{$mntpoint} // {};
$mountpnt_can_do_quota = 0 if $config->{'disable'};
if ( !$mountpnt_can_do_quota && $has_usr_quota ) {
print_config_messages( $config, 'action' );
print "$dsk (removing " . ( $use_journaled ? 'journaled ' : '' ) . "quotas)\n";
_update_fstab_line( \$fstab_line, $DISABLE_QUOTA, $use_journaled );
push @MOUNT_CMDS, { 'cmd' => [ 'mount', '-o', $mountkeyword, $mntpoint ], 'fstab' => $fstab_line, 'journaled' => $use_journaled };
}
elsif ( $mountpnt_can_do_quota && !$has_usr_quota ) {
print_config_messages( $config, 'action' );
print "$dsk (enabling " . ( $use_journaled ? 'journaled ' : '' ) . "quotas)\n";
_update_fstab_line( \$fstab_line, $ENABLE_QUOTA, $use_journaled );
push @MOUNT_CMDS, { 'cmd' => [ 'mount', '-o', $mountkeyword, $mntpoint ], 'fstab' => $fstab_line, 'journaled' => $use_journaled };
}
else {
print_config_messages( $config, 'inaction' );
print "$dsk (already configured quotas = $has_usr_quota).\n";
}
if ( $mountpnt_can_do_quota && $fstype ne 'xfs' ) {
_set_quota_file_perms($mntpoint);
foreach my $quota_file (@ALL_QUOTA_FILES) {
my $quota_file_with_path = $mntpoint eq '/' ? $mntpoint . $quota_file : $mntpoint . '/' . $quota_file;
if ( !-e $quota_file_with_path ) {
Cpanel::FileUtils::TouchFile::touchfile($quota_file_with_path);
}
}
_set_quota_file_perms($mntpoint);
push @NEED_CONVERT, $mntpoint;
}
}
}
push( @CFILE, $fstab_line );
}
my $data = join( '', @CFILE );
$trans->set_data( \$data );
$trans->save_and_close_or_die();
return ( \@NEED_CONVERT, \@MOUNT_CMDS, $need_quotacheck );
}
sub get_mount_point_config {
my %mounts;
# If a mount point exactly matches the MySQL datadir it should be skipped (CPANEL-28760)
my $mysql_datadir = get_mysql_datadir();
my $mysql_datadir_mount = get_mount_point($mysql_datadir);
if ( $mysql_datadir_mount eq $mysql_datadir ) {
$mounts{$mysql_datadir_mount} = {
disable => 1,
message => {
action => "The system will disable quotas on $mysql_datadir_mount because it is a MySQL or MariaDB data directory.",
inaction => "The system will leave quotas disabled on $mysql_datadir_mount because it is a MySQL or MariaDB data directory.",
},
};
}
#NOTE:: QUOTAS CAN BE ON A BACKUP DISK SINCE ALL FILES ARE ALWAYS OWNED BY ROOT -- HOWEVER IT IS SLOW
for my $backup_mount ( @{ get_backup_dir_mount_points() } ) {
if ( $backup_mount eq '/' ) {
$mounts{$backup_mount} = {
disable => 0,
message => {
always => "Warning : Your system does not have a separate filesystem for backups. This may cause performance degradation during the backup process.",
},
};
}
else {
$mounts{$backup_mount} = {
disable => 1,
message => {
action => "The system will disable quotas on $backup_mount in order to prevent performance degradation.",
inaction => "The system will leave quotas disabled on $backup_mount in order to prevent performance degradation.",
},
};
}
}
return \%mounts;
}
# Scans the backup configuraiton for fses that are set to be backup fses that have
# quotas enabled on them and disables them. Returns a hashref list of backup fses that exist
#
sub get_backup_dir_mount_points {
my @mountpoints;
my $backup_dir_ref = Cpanel::Backup::Config::get_backup_dirs();
foreach my $backup_dir ( Cpanel::ArrayFunc::Uniq::uniq( @{$backup_dir_ref} ) ) {
print "checking out $backup_dir\n";
my $backup_mount = get_mount_point($backup_dir);
push @mountpoints, $backup_mount;
}
return \@mountpoints;
}
sub supports_journaled_quota {
require Cpanel::LoadFile;
if ( Cpanel::LoadFile::loadfile('/sbin/quotaon') =~ m/usrjquota/ ) {
print "journaled quota support: kernel supports, user space tools supports (available)\n";
return 1;
}
print "journaled quota support: kernel supports, user space tools not updated (disabled)\n";
return 0;
}
sub _update_fstab_line {
my ( $fstab_line_ref, $action, $supports_journaled_quota ) = @_;
my ( $device, $mntpoint, $fstype, $options, $dump, $pass, @opts ) = split( /\s+/, $$fstab_line_ref );
my @options_list = split( m/\s*,\s*/, $options );
if ( $action == $DISABLE_QUOTA ) {
@options_list = grep( !m/(?:quota|jqfmt)/, @options_list );
push @options_list, 'defaults' if scalar @options_list == 0;
}
else {
@options_list = grep( !m/(?:u(srj?)?quota|jqfmt)/, @options_list );
if ($supports_journaled_quota) {
@options_list = grep( !m/^defaults$/, @options_list ); #defaults seems to cause usrjquota to break on some systems
push @options_list, 'usrjquota=quota.user', 'jqfmt=vfsv1';
}
else {
unshift @options_list, 'defaults' if !grep( m/^defaults$/, @options_list );
my $usrquota = 'usrquota';
if ( Cpanel::OS::has_quota_support_for_xfs() && $$fstab_line_ref =~ m{\bxfs\b} ) {
print "The system will configure quotas on the “$device” which is using the “xfs” filesystem.\n";
print "A reboot will be required to enable quotas on xfs.\n";
$usrquota = 'uquota';
}
push @options_list, $usrquota;
}
}
$options = join( ',', @options_list );
$$fstab_line_ref = join( "\t", $device, $mntpoint, $fstype, $options, $dump, $pass, @opts ) . "\n";
return 1;
}
sub verify_all_quota_binaries_are_in_place {
my @missing_cmds;
foreach my $cmd_name ( keys %cmd ) {
$cmd{$cmd_name} = Cpanel::FindBin::findbin($cmd_name);
if ( !( $cmd{$cmd_name} && -x $cmd{$cmd_name} ) ) {
push @missing_cmds, $cmd_name;
}
}
if ( scalar @missing_cmds ) {
print "Incomplete quota kit: unable to initialize quotas.\n";
print 'Missing commands: ', join( ', ', sort @missing_cmds ), "\n";
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
sub get_mount_point {
my $dir = shift;
my $filesys_ref = Cpanel::Filesys::Info::_all_filesystem_info();
return Cpanel::Filesys::FindParse::find_mount( $filesys_ref, $dir );
}
sub get_mysql_datadir {
my $datadir = Cpanel::MysqlUtils::Dir::getmysqldir() // $DEFAULT_MYSQL_DATADIR;
$datadir =~ s{/$}{}; # Remove any trailing slash.
return $datadir;
}
sub get_config_messages {
my ( $ref, @selections ) = @_;
unshift @selections, 'always' unless grep { $_ eq 'always' } @selections;
return map { $ref->{'message'}->{$_} } grep { exists $ref->{'message'}->{$_} && length $ref->{'message'}->{$_} } @selections;
}
sub print_config_messages {
return unless my @messages = get_config_messages(@_);
print join( "\n", @messages ) . "\n";
return;
}
1;
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.
