#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- python-mode -*-
"""Emulate iostat for NFS mount points using /proc/self/mountstats
"""
from __future__ import print_function
__copyright__ = """
Copyright (C) 2005, Chuck Lever <cel@netapp.com>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
published by the Free Software Foundation.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA 02110-1301 USA
"""
import sys, os, time
from optparse import OptionParser, OptionGroup
Iostats_version = '0.2'
def difference(x, y):
"""Used for a map() function
"""
return x - y
NfsEventCounters = [
'inoderevalidates',
'dentryrevalidates',
'datainvalidates',
'attrinvalidates',
'vfsopen',
'vfslookup',
'vfspermission',
'vfsupdatepage',
'vfsreadpage',
'vfsreadpages',
'vfswritepage',
'vfswritepages',
'vfsreaddir',
'vfssetattr',
'vfsflush',
'vfsfsync',
'vfslock',
'vfsrelease',
'congestionwait',
'setattrtrunc',
'extendwrite',
'sillyrenames',
'shortreads',
'shortwrites',
'delay'
]
NfsByteCounters = [
'normalreadbytes',
'normalwritebytes',
'directreadbytes',
'directwritebytes',
'serverreadbytes',
'serverwritebytes',
'readpages',
'writepages'
]
class DeviceData:
"""DeviceData objects provide methods for parsing and displaying
data for a single mount grabbed from /proc/self/mountstats
"""
def __init__(self):
self.__nfs_data = dict()
self.__rpc_data = dict()
self.__rpc_data['ops'] = []
def __parse_nfs_line(self, words):
if words[0] == 'device':
self.__nfs_data['export'] = words[1]
self.__nfs_data['mountpoint'] = words[4]
self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = words[7]
if words[7] == 'nfs':
self.__nfs_data['statvers'] = words[8]
elif 'nfs' in words or 'nfs4' in words:
self.__nfs_data['export'] = words[0]
self.__nfs_data['mountpoint'] = words[3]
self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = words[6]
if words[6] == 'nfs':
self.__nfs_data['statvers'] = words[7]
elif words[0] == 'age:':
self.__nfs_data['age'] = int(words[1])
elif words[0] == 'opts:':
self.__nfs_data['mountoptions'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
elif words[0] == 'caps:':
self.__nfs_data['servercapabilities'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
elif words[0] == 'nfsv4:':
self.__nfs_data['nfsv4flags'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
elif words[0] == 'sec:':
keys = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
self.__nfs_data['flavor'] = int(keys[0].split('=')[1])
self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor'] = 0
if self.__nfs_data['flavor'] == 6:
self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor'] = int(keys[1].split('=')[1])
elif words[0] == 'events:':
i = 1
for key in NfsEventCounters:
self.__nfs_data[key] = int(words[i])
i += 1
elif words[0] == 'bytes:':
i = 1
for key in NfsByteCounters:
self.__nfs_data[key] = int(words[i])
i += 1
def __parse_rpc_line(self, words):
if words[0] == 'RPC':
self.__rpc_data['statsvers'] = float(words[3])
self.__rpc_data['programversion'] = words[5]
elif words[0] == 'xprt:':
self.__rpc_data['protocol'] = words[1]
if words[1] == 'udp':
self.__rpc_data['port'] = int(words[2])
self.__rpc_data['bind_count'] = int(words[3])
self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] = int(words[4])
self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'] = int(words[5])
self.__rpc_data['badxids'] = int(words[6])
self.__rpc_data['inflightsends'] = int(words[7])
self.__rpc_data['backlogutil'] = int(words[8])
elif words[1] == 'tcp':
self.__rpc_data['port'] = words[2]
self.__rpc_data['bind_count'] = int(words[3])
self.__rpc_data['connect_count'] = int(words[4])
self.__rpc_data['connect_time'] = int(words[5])
self.__rpc_data['idle_time'] = int(words[6])
self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] = int(words[7])
self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'] = int(words[8])
self.__rpc_data['badxids'] = int(words[9])
self.__rpc_data['inflightsends'] = int(words[10])
self.__rpc_data['backlogutil'] = int(words[11])
elif words[1] == 'rdma':
self.__rpc_data['port'] = words[2]
self.__rpc_data['bind_count'] = int(words[3])
self.__rpc_data['connect_count'] = int(words[4])
self.__rpc_data['connect_time'] = int(words[5])
self.__rpc_data['idle_time'] = int(words[6])
self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] = int(words[7])
self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'] = int(words[8])
self.__rpc_data['badxids'] = int(words[9])
self.__rpc_data['backlogutil'] = int(words[10])
self.__rpc_data['read_chunks'] = int(words[11])
self.__rpc_data['write_chunks'] = int(words[12])
self.__rpc_data['reply_chunks'] = int(words[13])
self.__rpc_data['total_rdma_req'] = int(words[14])
self.__rpc_data['total_rdma_rep'] = int(words[15])
self.__rpc_data['pullup'] = int(words[16])
self.__rpc_data['fixup'] = int(words[17])
self.__rpc_data['hardway'] = int(words[18])
self.__rpc_data['failed_marshal'] = int(words[19])
self.__rpc_data['bad_reply'] = int(words[20])
elif words[0] == 'per-op':
self.__rpc_data['per-op'] = words
else:
op = words[0][:-1]
self.__rpc_data['ops'] += [op]
self.__rpc_data[op] = [int(word) for word in words[1:]]
def parse_stats(self, lines):
"""Turn a list of lines from a mount stat file into a
dictionary full of stats, keyed by name
"""
found = False
for line in lines:
words = line.split()
if len(words) == 0:
continue
if (not found and words[0] != 'RPC'):
self.__parse_nfs_line(words)
continue
found = True
self.__parse_rpc_line(words)
def is_nfs_mountpoint(self):
"""Return True if this is an NFS or NFSv4 mountpoint,
otherwise return False
"""
if self.__nfs_data['fstype'] == 'nfs':
return True
elif self.__nfs_data['fstype'] == 'nfs4':
return True
return False
def compare_iostats(self, old_stats):
"""Return the difference between two sets of stats
"""
result = DeviceData()
# copy self into result
for key, value in self.__nfs_data.items():
result.__nfs_data[key] = value
for key, value in self.__rpc_data.items():
result.__rpc_data[key] = value
# compute the difference of each item in the list
# note the copy loop above does not copy the lists, just
# the reference to them. so we build new lists here
# for the result object.
for op in result.__rpc_data['ops']:
result.__rpc_data[op] = list(map(
difference, self.__rpc_data[op], old_stats.__rpc_data[op]))
# update the remaining keys we care about
result.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] -= old_stats.__rpc_data['rpcsends']
result.__rpc_data['backlogutil'] -= old_stats.__rpc_data['backlogutil']
for key in NfsEventCounters:
result.__nfs_data[key] -= old_stats.__nfs_data[key]
for key in NfsByteCounters:
result.__nfs_data[key] -= old_stats.__nfs_data[key]
return result
def __print_data_cache_stats(self):
"""Print the data cache hit rate
"""
nfs_stats = self.__nfs_data
app_bytes_read = float(nfs_stats['normalreadbytes'])
if app_bytes_read != 0:
client_bytes_read = float(nfs_stats['serverreadbytes'] - nfs_stats['directreadbytes'])
ratio = ((app_bytes_read - client_bytes_read) * 100) / app_bytes_read
print()
print('app bytes: %f client bytes %f' % (app_bytes_read, client_bytes_read))
print('Data cache hit ratio: %4.2f%%' % ratio)
def __print_attr_cache_stats(self, sample_time):
"""Print attribute cache efficiency stats
"""
nfs_stats = self.__nfs_data
getattr_stats = self.__rpc_data['GETATTR']
if nfs_stats['inoderevalidates'] != 0:
getattr_ops = float(getattr_stats[1])
opens = float(nfs_stats['vfsopen'])
revalidates = float(nfs_stats['inoderevalidates']) - opens
if revalidates != 0:
ratio = ((revalidates - getattr_ops) * 100) / revalidates
else:
ratio = 0.0
data_invalidates = float(nfs_stats['datainvalidates'])
attr_invalidates = float(nfs_stats['attrinvalidates'])
print()
print('%d inode revalidations, hitting in cache %4.2f%% of the time' % \
(revalidates, ratio))
print('%d open operations (mandatory GETATTR requests)' % opens)
if getattr_ops != 0:
print('%4.2f%% of GETATTRs resulted in data cache invalidations' % \
((data_invalidates * 100) / getattr_ops))
def __print_dir_cache_stats(self, sample_time):
"""Print directory stats
"""
nfs_stats = self.__nfs_data
lookup_ops = self.__rpc_data['LOOKUP'][0]
readdir_ops = self.__rpc_data['READDIR'][0]
if 'READDIRPLUS' in self.__rpc_data:
readdir_ops += self.__rpc_data['READDIRPLUS'][0]
dentry_revals = nfs_stats['dentryrevalidates']
opens = nfs_stats['vfsopen']
lookups = nfs_stats['vfslookup']
getdents = nfs_stats['vfsreaddir']
print()
print('%d open operations (pathname lookups)' % opens)
print('%d dentry revalidates and %d vfs lookup requests' % \
(dentry_revals, lookups))
print('resulted in %d LOOKUPs on the wire' % lookup_ops)
print('%d vfs getdents calls resulted in %d READDIRs on the wire' % \
(getdents, readdir_ops))
def __print_page_stats(self, sample_time):
"""Print page cache stats
"""
nfs_stats = self.__nfs_data
vfsreadpage = nfs_stats['vfsreadpage']
vfsreadpages = nfs_stats['vfsreadpages']
pages_read = nfs_stats['readpages']
vfswritepage = nfs_stats['vfswritepage']
vfswritepages = nfs_stats['vfswritepages']
pages_written = nfs_stats['writepages']
print()
print('%d nfs_readpage() calls read %d pages' % \
(vfsreadpage, vfsreadpage))
print('%d nfs_readpages() calls read %d pages' % \
(vfsreadpages, pages_read - vfsreadpage))
if vfsreadpages != 0:
print('(%.1f pages per call)' % \
(float(pages_read - vfsreadpage) / vfsreadpages))
else:
print()
print()
print('%d nfs_updatepage() calls' % nfs_stats['vfsupdatepage'])
print('%d nfs_writepage() calls wrote %d pages' % \
(vfswritepage, vfswritepage))
print('%d nfs_writepages() calls wrote %d pages' % \
(vfswritepages, pages_written - vfswritepage))
if (vfswritepages) != 0:
print('(%.1f pages per call)' % \
(float(pages_written - vfswritepage) / vfswritepages))
else:
print()
congestionwaits = nfs_stats['congestionwait']
if congestionwaits != 0:
print()
print('%d congestion waits' % congestionwaits)
def __print_rpc_op_stats(self, op, sample_time):
"""Print generic stats for one RPC op
"""
if op not in self.__rpc_data:
return
rpc_stats = self.__rpc_data[op]
ops = float(rpc_stats[0])
retrans = float(rpc_stats[1] - rpc_stats[0])
kilobytes = float(rpc_stats[3] + rpc_stats[4]) / 1024
rtt = float(rpc_stats[6])
exe = float(rpc_stats[7])
# prevent floating point exceptions
if ops != 0:
kb_per_op = kilobytes / ops
retrans_percent = (retrans * 100) / ops
rtt_per_op = rtt / ops
exe_per_op = exe / ops
else:
kb_per_op = 0.0
retrans_percent = 0.0
rtt_per_op = 0.0
exe_per_op = 0.0
op += ':'
print('%s' % op.lower().ljust(15), end='')
print(' ops/s\t\t kB/s\t\t kB/op\t\tretrans\t\tavg RTT (ms)\tavg exe (ms)')
print('\t\t%7.3f' % (ops / sample_time), end='')
print('\t%7.3f' % (kilobytes / sample_time), end='')
print('\t%7.3f' % kb_per_op, end='')
print(' %7d (%3.1f%%)' % (retrans, retrans_percent), end='')
print('\t%7.3f' % rtt_per_op, end='')
print('\t%7.3f' % exe_per_op)
def ops(self, sample_time):
sends = float(self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
if sample_time == 0:
sample_time = float(self.__nfs_data['age'])
return (sends / sample_time)
def display_iostats(self, sample_time, which):
"""Display NFS and RPC stats in an iostat-like way
"""
sends = float(self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
if sample_time == 0:
sample_time = float(self.__nfs_data['age'])
# sample_time could still be zero if the export was just mounted.
# Set it to 1 to avoid divide by zero errors in this case since we'll
# likely still have relevant mount statistics to show.
#
if sample_time == 0:
sample_time = 1;
if sends != 0:
backlog = (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / sends) / sample_time
else:
backlog = 0.0
print()
print('%s mounted on %s:' % \
(self.__nfs_data['export'], self.__nfs_data['mountpoint']))
print()
print(' op/s\t\trpc bklog')
print('%7.2f' % (sends / sample_time), end='')
print('\t%7.2f' % backlog)
if which == 0:
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('READ', sample_time)
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('WRITE', sample_time)
elif which == 1:
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('GETATTR', sample_time)
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('ACCESS', sample_time)
self.__print_attr_cache_stats(sample_time)
elif which == 2:
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('LOOKUP', sample_time)
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('READDIR', sample_time)
if 'READDIRPLUS' in self.__rpc_data:
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('READDIRPLUS', sample_time)
self.__print_dir_cache_stats(sample_time)
elif which == 3:
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('READ', sample_time)
self.__print_rpc_op_stats('WRITE', sample_time)
self.__print_page_stats(sample_time)
sys.stdout.flush()
#
# Functions
#
def parse_stats_file(filename):
"""pop the contents of a mountstats file into a dictionary,
keyed by mount point. each value object is a list of the
lines in the mountstats file corresponding to the mount
point named in the key.
"""
ms_dict = dict()
key = ''
f = open(filename)
for line in f.readlines():
words = line.split()
if len(words) == 0:
continue
if line.startswith("no device mounted") :
continue
if words[0] == 'device':
key = words[4]
new = [ line.strip() ]
elif 'nfs' in words or 'nfs4' in words:
key = words[3]
new = [ line.strip() ]
else:
new += [ line.strip() ]
ms_dict[key] = new
f.close
return ms_dict
def print_iostat_summary(old, new, devices, time, options):
stats = {}
diff_stats = {}
if old:
# Trim device list to only include intersection of old and new data,
# this addresses umounts due to autofs mountpoints
devicelist = [x for x in old if x in devices]
else:
devicelist = devices
for device in devicelist:
stats[device] = DeviceData()
stats[device].parse_stats(new[device])
if old:
old_stats = DeviceData()
old_stats.parse_stats(old[device])
diff_stats[device] = stats[device].compare_iostats(old_stats)
if options.sort:
if old:
# We now have compared data and can print a comparison
# ordered by mountpoint ops per second
devicelist.sort(key=lambda x: diff_stats[x].ops(time), reverse=True)
else:
# First iteration, just sort by newly parsed ops/s
devicelist.sort(key=lambda x: stats[x].ops(time), reverse=True)
count = 1
for device in devicelist:
if old:
diff_stats[device].display_iostats(time, options.which)
else:
stats[device].display_iostats(time, options.which)
count += 1
if (count > options.list):
return
def list_nfs_mounts(givenlist, mountstats):
"""return a list of NFS mounts given a list to validate or
return a full list if the given list is empty -
may return an empty list if none found
"""
list = []
if len(givenlist) > 0:
for device in givenlist:
stats = DeviceData()
stats.parse_stats(mountstats[device])
if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
list += [device]
else:
for device, descr in mountstats.items():
stats = DeviceData()
stats.parse_stats(descr)
if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
list += [device]
return list
def iostat_command(name):
"""iostat-like command for NFS mount points
"""
mountstats = parse_stats_file('/proc/self/mountstats')
devices = []
origdevices = []
interval_seen = False
count_seen = False
mydescription= """
Sample iostat-like program to display NFS client per-mount'
statistics. The <interval> parameter specifies the amount of time in seconds
between each report. The first report contains statistics for the time since
each file system was mounted. Each subsequent report contains statistics
collected during the interval since the previous report. If the <count>
parameter is specified, the value of <count> determines the number of reports
generated at <interval> seconds apart. If the interval parameter is specified
without the <count> parameter, the command generates reports continuously.
If one or more <mount point> names are specified, statistics for only these
mount points will be displayed. Otherwise, all NFS mount points on the
client are listed.
"""
parser = OptionParser(
usage="usage: %prog [ <interval> [ <count> ] ] [ <options> ] [ <mount point> ]",
description=mydescription,
version='version %s' % Iostats_version)
parser.set_defaults(which=0, sort=False, list=sys.maxsize)
statgroup = OptionGroup(parser, "Statistics Options",
'File I/O is displayed unless one of the following is specified:')
statgroup.add_option('-a', '--attr',
action="store_const",
dest="which",
const=1,
help='displays statistics related to the attribute cache')
statgroup.add_option('-d', '--dir',
action="store_const",
dest="which",
const=2,
help='displays statistics related to directory operations')
statgroup.add_option('-p', '--page',
action="store_const",
dest="which",
const=3,
help='displays statistics related to the page cache')
parser.add_option_group(statgroup)
displaygroup = OptionGroup(parser, "Display Options",
'Options affecting display format:')
displaygroup.add_option('-s', '--sort',
action="store_true",
dest="sort",
help="Sort NFS mount points by ops/second")
displaygroup.add_option('-l','--list',
action="store",
type="int",
dest="list",
help="only print stats for first LIST mount points")
parser.add_option_group(displaygroup)
(options, args) = parser.parse_args(sys.argv)
for arg in args:
if arg == sys.argv[0]:
continue
if arg in mountstats:
origdevices += [arg]
elif not interval_seen:
try:
interval = int(arg)
except:
print('Illegal <interval> value %s' % arg)
return
if interval > 0:
interval_seen = True
else:
print('Illegal <interval> value %s' % arg)
return
elif not count_seen:
try:
count = int(arg)
except:
print('Ilegal <count> value %s' % arg)
return
if count > 0:
count_seen = True
else:
print('Illegal <count> value %s' % arg)
return
# make certain devices contains only NFS mount points
devices = list_nfs_mounts(origdevices, mountstats)
if len(devices) == 0:
print('No NFS mount points were found')
return
old_mountstats = None
sample_time = 0.0
if not interval_seen:
print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time, options)
return
if count_seen:
while count != 0:
print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time, options)
old_mountstats = mountstats
time.sleep(interval)
sample_time = interval
mountstats = parse_stats_file('/proc/self/mountstats')
# automount mountpoints add and drop, if automount is involved
# we need to recheck the devices list when reparsing
devices = list_nfs_mounts(origdevices,mountstats)
if len(devices) == 0:
print('No NFS mount points were found')
return
count -= 1
else:
while True:
print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time, options)
old_mountstats = mountstats
time.sleep(interval)
sample_time = interval
mountstats = parse_stats_file('/proc/self/mountstats')
# automount mountpoints add and drop, if automount is involved
# we need to recheck the devices list when reparsing
devices = list_nfs_mounts(origdevices,mountstats)
if len(devices) == 0:
print('No NFS mount points were found')
return
#
# Main
#
prog = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
try:
iostat_command(prog)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('Caught ^C... exiting')
sys.exit(1)
sys.exit(0)
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For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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