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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* plpgsql.h - Definitions for the PL/pgSQL
* procedural language
*
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src/pl/plpgsql/src/plpgsql.h
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#ifndef PLPGSQL_H
#define PLPGSQL_H
#include "postgres.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"
/**********************************************************************
* Definitions
**********************************************************************/
/* define our text domain for translations */
#undef TEXTDOMAIN
#define TEXTDOMAIN PG_TEXTDOMAIN("plpgsql")
#undef _
#define _(x) dgettext(TEXTDOMAIN, x)
/* ----------
* Compiler's namespace item types
* ----------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_NSTYPE_LABEL,
PLPGSQL_NSTYPE_VAR,
PLPGSQL_NSTYPE_ROW,
PLPGSQL_NSTYPE_REC
};
/* ----------
* Datum array node types
* ----------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_VAR,
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_ROW,
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_REC,
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_RECFIELD,
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_ARRAYELEM,
PLPGSQL_DTYPE_EXPR
};
/* ----------
* Variants distinguished in PLpgSQL_type structs
* ----------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_TTYPE_SCALAR, /* scalar types and domains */
PLPGSQL_TTYPE_ROW, /* composite types */
PLPGSQL_TTYPE_REC, /* RECORD pseudotype */
PLPGSQL_TTYPE_PSEUDO /* other pseudotypes */
};
/* ----------
* Execution tree node types
* ----------
*/
enum PLpgSQL_stmt_types
{
PLPGSQL_STMT_BLOCK,
PLPGSQL_STMT_ASSIGN,
PLPGSQL_STMT_IF,
PLPGSQL_STMT_CASE,
PLPGSQL_STMT_LOOP,
PLPGSQL_STMT_WHILE,
PLPGSQL_STMT_FORI,
PLPGSQL_STMT_FORS,
PLPGSQL_STMT_FORC,
PLPGSQL_STMT_FOREACH_A,
PLPGSQL_STMT_EXIT,
PLPGSQL_STMT_RETURN,
PLPGSQL_STMT_RETURN_NEXT,
PLPGSQL_STMT_RETURN_QUERY,
PLPGSQL_STMT_RAISE,
PLPGSQL_STMT_EXECSQL,
PLPGSQL_STMT_DYNEXECUTE,
PLPGSQL_STMT_DYNFORS,
PLPGSQL_STMT_GETDIAG,
PLPGSQL_STMT_OPEN,
PLPGSQL_STMT_FETCH,
PLPGSQL_STMT_CLOSE,
PLPGSQL_STMT_PERFORM
};
/* ----------
* Execution node return codes
* ----------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_RC_OK,
PLPGSQL_RC_EXIT,
PLPGSQL_RC_RETURN,
PLPGSQL_RC_CONTINUE
};
/* ----------
* GET DIAGNOSTICS information items
* ----------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_ROW_COUNT,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_RESULT_OID,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_ERROR_CONTEXT,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_ERROR_DETAIL,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_ERROR_HINT,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_RETURNED_SQLSTATE,
PLPGSQL_GETDIAG_MESSAGE_TEXT
};
/* --------
* RAISE statement options
* --------
*/
enum
{
PLPGSQL_RAISEOPTION_ERRCODE,
PLPGSQL_RAISEOPTION_MESSAGE,
PLPGSQL_RAISEOPTION_DETAIL,
PLPGSQL_RAISEOPTION_HINT
};
/* --------
* Behavioral modes for plpgsql variable resolution
* --------
*/
typedef enum
{
PLPGSQL_RESOLVE_ERROR, /* throw error if ambiguous */
PLPGSQL_RESOLVE_VARIABLE, /* prefer plpgsql var to table column */
PLPGSQL_RESOLVE_COLUMN /* prefer table column to plpgsql var */
} PLpgSQL_resolve_option;
/**********************************************************************
* Node and structure definitions
**********************************************************************/
typedef struct
{ /* Postgres data type */
char *typname; /* (simple) name of the type */
Oid typoid; /* OID of the data type */
int ttype; /* PLPGSQL_TTYPE_ code */
int16 typlen; /* stuff copied from its pg_type entry */
bool typbyval;
Oid typrelid;
Oid typioparam;
Oid collation; /* from pg_type, but can be overridden */
FmgrInfo typinput; /* lookup info for typinput function */
int32 atttypmod; /* typmod (taken from someplace else) */
} PLpgSQL_type;
/*
* PLpgSQL_datum is the common supertype for PLpgSQL_expr, PLpgSQL_var,
* PLpgSQL_row, PLpgSQL_rec, PLpgSQL_recfield, and PLpgSQL_arrayelem
*/
typedef struct
{ /* Generic datum array item */
int dtype;
int dno;
} PLpgSQL_datum;
/*
* The variants PLpgSQL_var, PLpgSQL_row, and PLpgSQL_rec share these
* fields
*/
typedef struct
{ /* Scalar or composite variable */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *refname;
int lineno;
} PLpgSQL_variable;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_expr
{ /* SQL Query to plan and execute */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *query;
SPIPlanPtr plan;
Bitmapset *paramnos; /* all dnos referenced by this query */
/* function containing this expr (not set until we first parse query) */
struct PLpgSQL_function *func;
/* namespace chain visible to this expr */
struct PLpgSQL_nsitem *ns;
/* fields for "simple expression" fast-path execution: */
Expr *expr_simple_expr; /* NULL means not a simple expr */
int expr_simple_generation; /* plancache generation we checked */
Oid expr_simple_type; /* result type Oid, if simple */
/*
* if expr is simple AND prepared in current transaction,
* expr_simple_state and expr_simple_in_use are valid. Test validity by
* seeing if expr_simple_lxid matches current LXID. (If not,
* expr_simple_state probably points at garbage!)
*/
ExprState *expr_simple_state; /* eval tree for expr_simple_expr */
bool expr_simple_in_use; /* true if eval tree is active */
LocalTransactionId expr_simple_lxid;
} PLpgSQL_expr;
typedef struct
{ /* Scalar variable */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *refname;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_type *datatype;
int isconst;
int notnull;
PLpgSQL_expr *default_val;
PLpgSQL_expr *cursor_explicit_expr;
int cursor_explicit_argrow;
int cursor_options;
Datum value;
bool isnull;
bool freeval;
} PLpgSQL_var;
typedef struct
{ /* Row variable */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *refname;
int lineno;
TupleDesc rowtupdesc;
/*
* Note: TupleDesc is only set up for named rowtypes, else it is NULL.
*
* Note: if the underlying rowtype contains a dropped column, the
* corresponding fieldnames[] entry will be NULL, and there is no
* corresponding var (varnos[] will be -1).
*/
int nfields;
char **fieldnames;
int *varnos;
} PLpgSQL_row;
typedef struct
{ /* Record variable (non-fixed structure) */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *refname;
int lineno;
HeapTuple tup;
TupleDesc tupdesc;
bool freetup;
bool freetupdesc;
} PLpgSQL_rec;
typedef struct
{ /* Field in record */
int dtype;
int dno;
char *fieldname;
int recparentno; /* dno of parent record */
} PLpgSQL_recfield;
typedef struct
{ /* Element of array variable */
int dtype;
int dno;
PLpgSQL_expr *subscript;
int arrayparentno; /* dno of parent array variable */
/* Remaining fields are cached info about the array variable's type */
Oid parenttypoid; /* type of array variable; 0 if not yet set */
int32 parenttypmod; /* typmod of array variable */
Oid arraytypoid; /* OID of actual array type */
int32 arraytypmod; /* typmod of array (and its elements too) */
int16 arraytyplen; /* typlen of array type */
Oid elemtypoid; /* OID of array element type */
int16 elemtyplen; /* typlen of element type */
bool elemtypbyval; /* element type is pass-by-value? */
char elemtypalign; /* typalign of element type */
} PLpgSQL_arrayelem;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_nsitem
{ /* Item in the compilers namespace tree */
int itemtype;
int itemno;
struct PLpgSQL_nsitem *prev;
char name[1]; /* actually, as long as needed */
} PLpgSQL_nsitem;
typedef struct
{ /* Generic execution node */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
} PLpgSQL_stmt;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_condition
{ /* One EXCEPTION condition name */
int sqlerrstate; /* SQLSTATE code */
char *condname; /* condition name (for debugging) */
struct PLpgSQL_condition *next;
} PLpgSQL_condition;
typedef struct
{
int sqlstate_varno;
int sqlerrm_varno;
List *exc_list; /* List of WHEN clauses */
} PLpgSQL_exception_block;
typedef struct
{ /* One EXCEPTION ... WHEN clause */
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_condition *conditions;
List *action; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_exception;
typedef struct
{ /* Block of statements */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
List *body; /* List of statements */
int n_initvars;
int *initvarnos;
PLpgSQL_exception_block *exceptions;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_block;
typedef struct
{ /* Assign statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
int varno;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_assign;
typedef struct
{ /* PERFORM statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_perform;
typedef struct
{ /* Get Diagnostics item */
int kind; /* id for diagnostic value desired */
int target; /* where to assign it */
} PLpgSQL_diag_item;
typedef struct
{ /* Get Diagnostics statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
bool is_stacked; /* STACKED or CURRENT diagnostics area? */
List *diag_items; /* List of PLpgSQL_diag_item */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_getdiag;
typedef struct
{ /* IF statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *cond; /* boolean expression for THEN */
List *then_body; /* List of statements */
List *elsif_list; /* List of PLpgSQL_if_elsif structs */
List *else_body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_if;
typedef struct /* one ELSIF arm of IF statement */
{
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *cond; /* boolean expression for this case */
List *stmts; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_if_elsif;
typedef struct /* CASE statement */
{
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *t_expr; /* test expression, or NULL if none */
int t_varno; /* var to store test expression value into */
List *case_when_list; /* List of PLpgSQL_case_when structs */
bool have_else; /* flag needed because list could be empty */
List *else_stmts; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_case;
typedef struct /* one arm of CASE statement */
{
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr; /* boolean expression for this case */
List *stmts; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_case_when;
typedef struct
{ /* Unconditional LOOP statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
List *body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_loop;
typedef struct
{ /* WHILE cond LOOP statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_expr *cond;
List *body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_while;
typedef struct
{ /* FOR statement with integer loopvar */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_var *var;
PLpgSQL_expr *lower;
PLpgSQL_expr *upper;
PLpgSQL_expr *step; /* NULL means default (ie, BY 1) */
int reverse;
List *body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_fori;
/*
* PLpgSQL_stmt_forq represents a FOR statement running over a SQL query.
* It is the common supertype of PLpgSQL_stmt_fors, PLpgSQL_stmt_forc
* and PLpgSQL_dynfors.
*/
typedef struct
{
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_rec *rec;
PLpgSQL_row *row;
List *body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_forq;
typedef struct
{ /* FOR statement running over SELECT */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_rec *rec;
PLpgSQL_row *row;
List *body; /* List of statements */
/* end of fields that must match PLpgSQL_stmt_forq */
PLpgSQL_expr *query;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_fors;
typedef struct
{ /* FOR statement running over cursor */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_rec *rec;
PLpgSQL_row *row;
List *body; /* List of statements */
/* end of fields that must match PLpgSQL_stmt_forq */
int curvar;
PLpgSQL_expr *argquery; /* cursor arguments if any */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_forc;
typedef struct
{ /* FOR statement running over EXECUTE */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
PLpgSQL_rec *rec;
PLpgSQL_row *row;
List *body; /* List of statements */
/* end of fields that must match PLpgSQL_stmt_forq */
PLpgSQL_expr *query;
List *params; /* USING expressions */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_dynfors;
typedef struct
{ /* FOREACH item in array loop */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
char *label;
int varno; /* loop target variable */
int slice; /* slice dimension, or 0 */
PLpgSQL_expr *expr; /* array expression */
List *body; /* List of statements */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_foreach_a;
typedef struct
{ /* OPEN a curvar */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
int curvar;
int cursor_options;
PLpgSQL_row *returntype;
PLpgSQL_expr *argquery;
PLpgSQL_expr *query;
PLpgSQL_expr *dynquery;
List *params; /* USING expressions */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_open;
typedef struct
{ /* FETCH or MOVE statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_rec *rec; /* target, as record or row */
PLpgSQL_row *row;
int curvar; /* cursor variable to fetch from */
FetchDirection direction; /* fetch direction */
long how_many; /* count, if constant (expr is NULL) */
PLpgSQL_expr *expr; /* count, if expression */
bool is_move; /* is this a fetch or move? */
bool returns_multiple_rows; /* can return more than one row? */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_fetch;
typedef struct
{ /* CLOSE curvar */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
int curvar;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_close;
typedef struct
{ /* EXIT or CONTINUE statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
bool is_exit; /* Is this an exit or a continue? */
char *label; /* NULL if it's an unlabelled EXIT/CONTINUE */
PLpgSQL_expr *cond;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_exit;
typedef struct
{ /* RETURN statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr;
int retvarno;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_return;
typedef struct
{ /* RETURN NEXT statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr;
int retvarno;
} PLpgSQL_stmt_return_next;
typedef struct
{ /* RETURN QUERY statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *query; /* if static query */
PLpgSQL_expr *dynquery; /* if dynamic query (RETURN QUERY EXECUTE) */
List *params; /* USING arguments for dynamic query */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_return_query;
typedef struct
{ /* RAISE statement */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
int elog_level;
char *condname; /* condition name, SQLSTATE, or NULL */
char *message; /* old-style message format literal, or NULL */
List *params; /* list of expressions for old-style message */
List *options; /* list of PLpgSQL_raise_option */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_raise;
typedef struct
{ /* RAISE statement option */
int opt_type;
PLpgSQL_expr *expr;
} PLpgSQL_raise_option;
typedef struct
{ /* Generic SQL statement to execute */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *sqlstmt;
bool mod_stmt; /* is the stmt INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE? */
/* note: mod_stmt is set when we plan the query */
bool into; /* INTO supplied? */
bool strict; /* INTO STRICT flag */
PLpgSQL_rec *rec; /* INTO target, if record */
PLpgSQL_row *row; /* INTO target, if row */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_execsql;
typedef struct
{ /* Dynamic SQL string to execute */
int cmd_type;
int lineno;
PLpgSQL_expr *query; /* string expression */
bool into; /* INTO supplied? */
bool strict; /* INTO STRICT flag */
PLpgSQL_rec *rec; /* INTO target, if record */
PLpgSQL_row *row; /* INTO target, if row */
List *params; /* USING expressions */
} PLpgSQL_stmt_dynexecute;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_func_hashkey
{ /* Hash lookup key for functions */
Oid funcOid;
bool isTrigger; /* true if called as a trigger */
/* be careful that pad bytes in this struct get zeroed! */
/*
* For a trigger function, the OID of the relation triggered on is part of
* the hash key --- we want to compile the trigger separately for each
* relation it is used with, in case the rowtype is different. Zero if
* not called as a trigger.
*/
Oid trigrelOid;
/*
* We must include the input collation as part of the hash key too,
* because we have to generate different plans (with different Param
* collations) for different collation settings.
*/
Oid inputCollation;
/*
* We include actual argument types in the hash key to support polymorphic
* PLpgSQL functions. Be careful that extra positions are zeroed!
*/
Oid argtypes[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
} PLpgSQL_func_hashkey;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_function
{ /* Complete compiled function */
char *fn_signature;
Oid fn_oid;
TransactionId fn_xmin;
ItemPointerData fn_tid;
bool fn_is_trigger;
Oid fn_input_collation;
PLpgSQL_func_hashkey *fn_hashkey; /* back-link to hashtable key */
MemoryContext fn_cxt;
Oid fn_rettype;
int fn_rettyplen;
bool fn_retbyval;
FmgrInfo fn_retinput;
Oid fn_rettypioparam;
bool fn_retistuple;
bool fn_retset;
bool fn_readonly;
int fn_nargs;
int fn_argvarnos[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
int out_param_varno;
int found_varno;
int new_varno;
int old_varno;
int tg_name_varno;
int tg_when_varno;
int tg_level_varno;
int tg_op_varno;
int tg_relid_varno;
int tg_relname_varno;
int tg_table_name_varno;
int tg_table_schema_varno;
int tg_nargs_varno;
int tg_argv_varno;
PLpgSQL_resolve_option resolve_option;
int ndatums;
PLpgSQL_datum **datums;
PLpgSQL_stmt_block *action;
/* these fields change when the function is used */
struct PLpgSQL_execstate *cur_estate;
unsigned long use_count;
} PLpgSQL_function;
typedef struct PLpgSQL_execstate
{ /* Runtime execution data */
PLpgSQL_function *func; /* function being executed */
Datum retval;
bool retisnull;
Oid rettype; /* type of current retval */
Oid fn_rettype; /* info about declared function rettype */
bool retistuple;
bool retisset;
bool readonly_func;
TupleDesc rettupdesc;
char *exitlabel; /* the "target" label of the current EXIT or
* CONTINUE stmt, if any */
ErrorData *cur_error; /* current exception handler's error */
Tuplestorestate *tuple_store; /* SRFs accumulate results here */
MemoryContext tuple_store_cxt;
ResourceOwner tuple_store_owner;
ReturnSetInfo *rsi;
int found_varno;
int ndatums;
PLpgSQL_datum **datums;
/* temporary state for results from evaluation of query or expr */
SPITupleTable *eval_tuptable;
uint32 eval_processed;
Oid eval_lastoid;
ExprContext *eval_econtext; /* for executing simple expressions */
PLpgSQL_expr *cur_expr; /* current query/expr being evaluated */
/* status information for error context reporting */
PLpgSQL_stmt *err_stmt; /* current stmt */
const char *err_text; /* additional state info */
void *plugin_info; /* reserved for use by optional plugin */
} PLpgSQL_execstate;
/*
* A PLpgSQL_plugin structure represents an instrumentation plugin.
* To instrument PL/pgSQL, a plugin library must access the rendezvous
* variable "PLpgSQL_plugin" and set it to point to a PLpgSQL_plugin struct.
* Typically the struct could just be static data in the plugin library.
* We expect that a plugin would do this at library load time (_PG_init()).
* It must also be careful to set the rendezvous variable back to NULL
* if it is unloaded (_PG_fini()).
*
* This structure is basically a collection of function pointers --- at
* various interesting points in pl_exec.c, we call these functions
* (if the pointers are non-NULL) to give the plugin a chance to watch
* what we are doing.
*
* func_setup is called when we start a function, before we've initialized
* the local variables defined by the function.
*
* func_beg is called when we start a function, after we've initialized
* the local variables.
*
* func_end is called at the end of a function.
*
* stmt_beg and stmt_end are called before and after (respectively) each
* statement.
*
* Also, immediately before any call to func_setup, PL/pgSQL fills in the
* error_callback and assign_expr fields with pointers to its own
* plpgsql_exec_error_callback and exec_assign_expr functions. This is
* a somewhat ad-hoc expedient to simplify life for debugger plugins.
*/
typedef struct
{
/* Function pointers set up by the plugin */
void (*func_setup) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_function *func);
void (*func_beg) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_function *func);
void (*func_end) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_function *func);
void (*stmt_beg) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_stmt *stmt);
void (*stmt_end) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_stmt *stmt);
/* Function pointers set by PL/pgSQL itself */
void (*error_callback) (void *arg);
void (*assign_expr) (PLpgSQL_execstate *estate, PLpgSQL_datum *target,
PLpgSQL_expr *expr);
} PLpgSQL_plugin;
/* Struct types used during parsing */
typedef struct
{
char *ident; /* palloc'd converted identifier */
bool quoted; /* Was it double-quoted? */
} PLword;
typedef struct
{
List *idents; /* composite identifiers (list of String) */
} PLcword;
typedef struct
{
PLpgSQL_datum *datum; /* referenced variable */
char *ident; /* valid if simple name */
bool quoted;
List *idents; /* valid if composite name */
} PLwdatum;
/**********************************************************************
* Global variable declarations
**********************************************************************/
typedef enum
{
IDENTIFIER_LOOKUP_NORMAL, /* normal processing of var names */
IDENTIFIER_LOOKUP_DECLARE, /* In DECLARE --- don't look up names */
IDENTIFIER_LOOKUP_EXPR /* In SQL expression --- special case */
} IdentifierLookup;
extern IdentifierLookup plpgsql_IdentifierLookup;
extern int plpgsql_variable_conflict;
extern bool plpgsql_check_syntax;
extern bool plpgsql_DumpExecTree;
extern PLpgSQL_stmt_block *plpgsql_parse_result;
extern int plpgsql_nDatums;
extern PLpgSQL_datum **plpgsql_Datums;
extern char *plpgsql_error_funcname;
extern PLpgSQL_function *plpgsql_curr_compile;
extern MemoryContext compile_tmp_cxt;
extern PLpgSQL_plugin **plugin_ptr;
/**********************************************************************
* Function declarations
**********************************************************************/
/* ----------
* Functions in pl_comp.c
* ----------
*/
extern PLpgSQL_function *plpgsql_compile(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo,
bool forValidator);
extern PLpgSQL_function *plpgsql_compile_inline(char *proc_source);
extern void plpgsql_parser_setup(struct ParseState *pstate,
PLpgSQL_expr *expr);
extern bool plpgsql_parse_word(char *word1, const char *yytxt,
PLwdatum *wdatum, PLword *word);
extern bool plpgsql_parse_dblword(char *word1, char *word2,
PLwdatum *wdatum, PLcword *cword);
extern bool plpgsql_parse_tripword(char *word1, char *word2, char *word3,
PLwdatum *wdatum, PLcword *cword);
extern PLpgSQL_type *plpgsql_parse_wordtype(char *ident);
extern PLpgSQL_type *plpgsql_parse_cwordtype(List *idents);
extern PLpgSQL_type *plpgsql_parse_wordrowtype(char *ident);
extern PLpgSQL_type *plpgsql_parse_cwordrowtype(List *idents);
extern PLpgSQL_type *plpgsql_build_datatype(Oid typeOid, int32 typmod,
Oid collation);
extern PLpgSQL_variable *plpgsql_build_variable(const char *refname, int lineno,
PLpgSQL_type *dtype,
bool add2namespace);
extern PLpgSQL_rec *plpgsql_build_record(const char *refname, int lineno,
bool add2namespace);
extern int plpgsql_recognize_err_condition(const char *condname,
bool allow_sqlstate);
extern PLpgSQL_condition *plpgsql_parse_err_condition(char *condname);
extern void plpgsql_adddatum(PLpgSQL_datum *new);
extern int plpgsql_add_initdatums(int **varnos);
extern void plpgsql_HashTableInit(void);
/* ----------
* Functions in pl_handler.c
* ----------
*/
extern void _PG_init(void);
extern Datum plpgsql_call_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum plpgsql_inline_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum plpgsql_validator(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/* ----------
* Functions in pl_exec.c
* ----------
*/
extern Datum plpgsql_exec_function(PLpgSQL_function *func,
FunctionCallInfo fcinfo);
extern HeapTuple plpgsql_exec_trigger(PLpgSQL_function *func,
TriggerData *trigdata);
extern void plpgsql_xact_cb(XactEvent event, void *arg);
extern void plpgsql_subxact_cb(SubXactEvent event, SubTransactionId mySubid,
SubTransactionId parentSubid, void *arg);
extern Oid exec_get_datum_type(PLpgSQL_execstate *estate,
PLpgSQL_datum *datum);
extern void exec_get_datum_type_info(PLpgSQL_execstate *estate,
PLpgSQL_datum *datum,
Oid *typeid, int32 *typmod, Oid *collation);
/* ----------
* Functions for namespace handling in pl_funcs.c
* ----------
*/
extern void plpgsql_ns_init(void);
extern void plpgsql_ns_push(const char *label);
extern void plpgsql_ns_pop(void);
extern PLpgSQL_nsitem *plpgsql_ns_top(void);
extern void plpgsql_ns_additem(int itemtype, int itemno, const char *name);
extern PLpgSQL_nsitem *plpgsql_ns_lookup(PLpgSQL_nsitem *ns_cur, bool localmode,
const char *name1, const char *name2,
const char *name3, int *names_used);
extern PLpgSQL_nsitem *plpgsql_ns_lookup_label(PLpgSQL_nsitem *ns_cur,
const char *name);
/* ----------
* Other functions in pl_funcs.c
* ----------
*/
extern const char *plpgsql_stmt_typename(PLpgSQL_stmt *stmt);
extern const char *plpgsql_getdiag_kindname(int kind);
extern void plpgsql_free_function_memory(PLpgSQL_function *func);
extern void plpgsql_dumptree(PLpgSQL_function *func);
/* ----------
* Scanner functions in pl_scanner.c
* ----------
*/
extern int plpgsql_base_yylex(void);
extern int plpgsql_yylex(void);
extern void plpgsql_push_back_token(int token);
extern void plpgsql_append_source_text(StringInfo buf,
int startlocation, int endlocation);
extern void plpgsql_peek2(int *tok1_p, int *tok2_p, int *tok1_loc,
int *tok2_loc);
extern int plpgsql_scanner_errposition(int location);
extern void plpgsql_yyerror(const char *message);
extern int plpgsql_location_to_lineno(int location);
extern int plpgsql_latest_lineno(void);
extern void plpgsql_scanner_init(const char *str);
extern void plpgsql_scanner_finish(void);
/* ----------
* Externs in gram.y
* ----------
*/
extern int plpgsql_yyparse(void);
#endif /* PLPGSQL_H */
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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