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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * executor.h
 *	  support for the POSTGRES executor module
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/executor/executor.h
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef EXECUTOR_H
#define EXECUTOR_H

#include "executor/execdesc.h"
#include "nodes/parsenodes.h"


/*
 * The "eflags" argument to ExecutorStart and the various ExecInitNode
 * routines is a bitwise OR of the following flag bits, which tell the
 * called plan node what to expect.  Note that the flags will get modified
 * as they are passed down the plan tree, since an upper node may require
 * functionality in its subnode not demanded of the plan as a whole
 * (example: MergeJoin requires mark/restore capability in its inner input),
 * or an upper node may shield its input from some functionality requirement
 * (example: Materialize shields its input from needing to do backward scan).
 *
 * EXPLAIN_ONLY indicates that the plan tree is being initialized just so
 * EXPLAIN can print it out; it will not be run.  Hence, no side-effects
 * of startup should occur.  However, error checks (such as permission checks)
 * should be performed.
 *
 * REWIND indicates that the plan node should try to efficiently support
 * rescans without parameter changes.  (Nodes must support ExecReScan calls
 * in any case, but if this flag was not given, they are at liberty to do it
 * through complete recalculation.  Note that a parameter change forces a
 * full recalculation in any case.)
 *
 * BACKWARD indicates that the plan node must respect the es_direction flag.
 * When this is not passed, the plan node will only be run forwards.
 *
 * MARK indicates that the plan node must support Mark/Restore calls.
 * When this is not passed, no Mark/Restore will occur.
 *
 * SKIP_TRIGGERS tells ExecutorStart/ExecutorFinish to skip calling
 * AfterTriggerBeginQuery/AfterTriggerEndQuery.  This does not necessarily
 * mean that the plan can't queue any AFTER triggers; just that the caller
 * is responsible for there being a trigger context for them to be queued in.
 *
 * WITH/WITHOUT_OIDS tell the executor to emit tuples with or without space
 * for OIDs, respectively.  These are currently used only for CREATE TABLE AS.
 * If neither is set, the plan may or may not produce tuples including OIDs.
 */
#define EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY	0x0001	/* EXPLAIN, no ANALYZE */
#define EXEC_FLAG_REWIND		0x0002	/* need efficient rescan */
#define EXEC_FLAG_BACKWARD		0x0004	/* need backward scan */
#define EXEC_FLAG_MARK			0x0008	/* need mark/restore */
#define EXEC_FLAG_SKIP_TRIGGERS 0x0010	/* skip AfterTrigger calls */
#define EXEC_FLAG_WITH_OIDS		0x0020	/* force OIDs in returned tuples */
#define EXEC_FLAG_WITHOUT_OIDS	0x0040	/* force no OIDs in returned tuples */


/*
 * ExecEvalExpr was formerly a function containing a switch statement;
 * now it's just a macro invoking the function pointed to by an ExprState
 * node.  Beware of double evaluation of the ExprState argument!
 */
#define ExecEvalExpr(expr, econtext, isNull, isDone) \
	((*(expr)->evalfunc) (expr, econtext, isNull, isDone))


/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecutorStart() */
typedef void (*ExecutorStart_hook_type) (QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags);
extern PGDLLIMPORT ExecutorStart_hook_type ExecutorStart_hook;

/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecutorRun() */
typedef void (*ExecutorRun_hook_type) (QueryDesc *queryDesc,
												   ScanDirection direction,
												   long count);
extern PGDLLIMPORT ExecutorRun_hook_type ExecutorRun_hook;

/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecutorFinish() */
typedef void (*ExecutorFinish_hook_type) (QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern PGDLLIMPORT ExecutorFinish_hook_type ExecutorFinish_hook;

/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecutorEnd() */
typedef void (*ExecutorEnd_hook_type) (QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern PGDLLIMPORT ExecutorEnd_hook_type ExecutorEnd_hook;

/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecCheckRTPerms() */
typedef bool (*ExecutorCheckPerms_hook_type) (List *, bool);
extern PGDLLIMPORT ExecutorCheckPerms_hook_type ExecutorCheckPerms_hook;


/*
 * prototypes from functions in execAmi.c
 */
extern void ExecReScan(PlanState *node);
extern void ExecMarkPos(PlanState *node);
extern void ExecRestrPos(PlanState *node);
extern bool ExecSupportsMarkRestore(NodeTag plantype);
extern bool ExecSupportsBackwardScan(Plan *node);
extern bool ExecMaterializesOutput(NodeTag plantype);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execCurrent.c
 */
extern bool execCurrentOf(CurrentOfExpr *cexpr,
			  ExprContext *econtext,
			  Oid table_oid,
			  ItemPointer current_tid);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execGrouping.c
 */
extern bool execTuplesMatch(TupleTableSlot *slot1,
				TupleTableSlot *slot2,
				int numCols,
				AttrNumber *matchColIdx,
				FmgrInfo *eqfunctions,
				MemoryContext evalContext);
extern bool execTuplesUnequal(TupleTableSlot *slot1,
				  TupleTableSlot *slot2,
				  int numCols,
				  AttrNumber *matchColIdx,
				  FmgrInfo *eqfunctions,
				  MemoryContext evalContext);
extern FmgrInfo *execTuplesMatchPrepare(int numCols,
					   Oid *eqOperators);
extern void execTuplesHashPrepare(int numCols,
					  Oid *eqOperators,
					  FmgrInfo **eqFunctions,
					  FmgrInfo **hashFunctions);
extern TupleHashTable BuildTupleHashTable(int numCols, AttrNumber *keyColIdx,
					FmgrInfo *eqfunctions,
					FmgrInfo *hashfunctions,
					long nbuckets, Size entrysize,
					MemoryContext tablecxt,
					MemoryContext tempcxt);
extern TupleHashEntry LookupTupleHashEntry(TupleHashTable hashtable,
					 TupleTableSlot *slot,
					 bool *isnew);
extern TupleHashEntry FindTupleHashEntry(TupleHashTable hashtable,
				   TupleTableSlot *slot,
				   FmgrInfo *eqfunctions,
				   FmgrInfo *hashfunctions);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execJunk.c
 */
extern JunkFilter *ExecInitJunkFilter(List *targetList, bool hasoid,
				   TupleTableSlot *slot);
extern JunkFilter *ExecInitJunkFilterConversion(List *targetList,
							 TupleDesc cleanTupType,
							 TupleTableSlot *slot);
extern AttrNumber ExecFindJunkAttribute(JunkFilter *junkfilter,
					  const char *attrName);
extern AttrNumber ExecFindJunkAttributeInTlist(List *targetlist,
							 const char *attrName);
extern Datum ExecGetJunkAttribute(TupleTableSlot *slot, AttrNumber attno,
					 bool *isNull);
extern TupleTableSlot *ExecFilterJunk(JunkFilter *junkfilter,
			   TupleTableSlot *slot);


/*
 * prototypes from functions in execMain.c
 */
extern void ExecutorStart(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags);
extern void standard_ExecutorStart(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags);
extern void ExecutorRun(QueryDesc *queryDesc,
			ScanDirection direction, long count);
extern void standard_ExecutorRun(QueryDesc *queryDesc,
					 ScanDirection direction, long count);
extern void ExecutorFinish(QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern void standard_ExecutorFinish(QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern void ExecutorEnd(QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern void standard_ExecutorEnd(QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern void ExecutorRewind(QueryDesc *queryDesc);
extern bool ExecCheckRTPerms(List *rangeTable, bool ereport_on_violation);
extern void CheckValidResultRel(Relation resultRel, CmdType operation);
extern void InitResultRelInfo(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
				  Relation resultRelationDesc,
				  Index resultRelationIndex,
				  int instrument_options);
extern ResultRelInfo *ExecGetTriggerResultRel(EState *estate, Oid relid);
extern bool ExecContextForcesOids(PlanState *planstate, bool *hasoids);
extern void ExecConstraints(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
				TupleTableSlot *slot, EState *estate);
extern ExecRowMark *ExecFindRowMark(EState *estate, Index rti);
extern ExecAuxRowMark *ExecBuildAuxRowMark(ExecRowMark *erm, List *targetlist);
extern TupleTableSlot *EvalPlanQual(EState *estate, EPQState *epqstate,
			 Relation relation, Index rti,
			 ItemPointer tid, TransactionId priorXmax);
extern HeapTuple EvalPlanQualFetch(EState *estate, Relation relation,
				  int lockmode, ItemPointer tid, TransactionId priorXmax);
extern void EvalPlanQualInit(EPQState *epqstate, EState *estate,
				 Plan *subplan, List *auxrowmarks, int epqParam);
extern void EvalPlanQualSetPlan(EPQState *epqstate,
					Plan *subplan, List *auxrowmarks);
extern void EvalPlanQualSetTuple(EPQState *epqstate, Index rti,
					 HeapTuple tuple);
extern HeapTuple EvalPlanQualGetTuple(EPQState *epqstate, Index rti);

#define EvalPlanQualSetSlot(epqstate, slot)  ((epqstate)->origslot = (slot))
extern void EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks(EPQState *epqstate);
extern TupleTableSlot *EvalPlanQualNext(EPQState *epqstate);
extern void EvalPlanQualBegin(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate);
extern void EvalPlanQualEnd(EPQState *epqstate);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execProcnode.c
 */
extern PlanState *ExecInitNode(Plan *node, EState *estate, int eflags);
extern TupleTableSlot *ExecProcNode(PlanState *node);
extern Node *MultiExecProcNode(PlanState *node);
extern void ExecEndNode(PlanState *node);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execQual.c
 */
extern Datum GetAttributeByNum(HeapTupleHeader tuple, AttrNumber attrno,
				  bool *isNull);
extern Datum GetAttributeByName(HeapTupleHeader tuple, const char *attname,
				   bool *isNull);
extern Tuplestorestate *ExecMakeTableFunctionResult(ExprState *funcexpr,
							ExprContext *econtext,
							MemoryContext argContext,
							TupleDesc expectedDesc,
							bool randomAccess);
extern Datum ExecEvalExprSwitchContext(ExprState *expression, ExprContext *econtext,
						  bool *isNull, ExprDoneCond *isDone);
extern ExprState *ExecInitExpr(Expr *node, PlanState *parent);
extern ExprState *ExecPrepareExpr(Expr *node, EState *estate);
extern bool ExecQual(List *qual, ExprContext *econtext, bool resultForNull);
extern int	ExecTargetListLength(List *targetlist);
extern int	ExecCleanTargetListLength(List *targetlist);
extern TupleTableSlot *ExecProject(ProjectionInfo *projInfo,
			ExprDoneCond *isDone);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execScan.c
 */
typedef TupleTableSlot *(*ExecScanAccessMtd) (ScanState *node);
typedef bool (*ExecScanRecheckMtd) (ScanState *node, TupleTableSlot *slot);

extern TupleTableSlot *ExecScan(ScanState *node, ExecScanAccessMtd accessMtd,
		 ExecScanRecheckMtd recheckMtd);
extern void ExecAssignScanProjectionInfo(ScanState *node);
extern void ExecScanReScan(ScanState *node);

/*
 * prototypes from functions in execTuples.c
 */
extern void ExecInitResultTupleSlot(EState *estate, PlanState *planstate);
extern void ExecInitScanTupleSlot(EState *estate, ScanState *scanstate);
extern TupleTableSlot *ExecInitExtraTupleSlot(EState *estate);
extern TupleTableSlot *ExecInitNullTupleSlot(EState *estate,
					  TupleDesc tupType);
extern TupleDesc ExecTypeFromTL(List *targetList, bool hasoid);
extern TupleDesc ExecCleanTypeFromTL(List *targetList, bool hasoid);
extern TupleDesc ExecTypeFromExprList(List *exprList, List *namesList);
extern void ExecTypeSetColNames(TupleDesc typeInfo, List *namesList);
extern void UpdateChangedParamSet(PlanState *node, Bitmapset *newchg);

typedef struct TupOutputState
{
	TupleTableSlot *slot;
	DestReceiver *dest;
} TupOutputState;

extern TupOutputState *begin_tup_output_tupdesc(DestReceiver *dest,
						 TupleDesc tupdesc);
extern void do_tup_output(TupOutputState *tstate, Datum *values, bool *isnull);
extern void do_text_output_multiline(TupOutputState *tstate, const char *txt);
extern void end_tup_output(TupOutputState *tstate);

/*
 * Write a single line of text given as a C string.
 *
 * Should only be used with a single-TEXT-attribute tupdesc.
 */
#define do_text_output_oneline(tstate, str_to_emit) \
	do { \
		Datum	values_[1]; \
		bool	isnull_[1]; \
		values_[0] = PointerGetDatum(cstring_to_text(str_to_emit)); \
		isnull_[0] = false; \
		do_tup_output(tstate, values_, isnull_); \
		pfree(DatumGetPointer(values_[0])); \
	} while (0)


/*
 * prototypes from functions in execUtils.c
 */
extern EState *CreateExecutorState(void);
extern void FreeExecutorState(EState *estate);
extern ExprContext *CreateExprContext(EState *estate);
extern ExprContext *CreateStandaloneExprContext(void);
extern void FreeExprContext(ExprContext *econtext, bool isCommit);
extern void ReScanExprContext(ExprContext *econtext);

#define ResetExprContext(econtext) \
	MemoryContextReset((econtext)->ecxt_per_tuple_memory)

extern ExprContext *MakePerTupleExprContext(EState *estate);

/* Get an EState's per-output-tuple exprcontext, making it if first use */
#define GetPerTupleExprContext(estate) \
	((estate)->es_per_tuple_exprcontext ? \
	 (estate)->es_per_tuple_exprcontext : \
	 MakePerTupleExprContext(estate))

#define GetPerTupleMemoryContext(estate) \
	(GetPerTupleExprContext(estate)->ecxt_per_tuple_memory)

/* Reset an EState's per-output-tuple exprcontext, if one's been created */
#define ResetPerTupleExprContext(estate) \
	do { \
		if ((estate)->es_per_tuple_exprcontext) \
			ResetExprContext((estate)->es_per_tuple_exprcontext); \
	} while (0)

extern void ExecAssignExprContext(EState *estate, PlanState *planstate);
extern void ExecAssignResultType(PlanState *planstate, TupleDesc tupDesc);
extern void ExecAssignResultTypeFromTL(PlanState *planstate);
extern TupleDesc ExecGetResultType(PlanState *planstate);
extern ProjectionInfo *ExecBuildProjectionInfo(List *targetList,
						ExprContext *econtext,
						TupleTableSlot *slot,
						TupleDesc inputDesc);
extern void ExecAssignProjectionInfo(PlanState *planstate,
						 TupleDesc inputDesc);
extern void ExecFreeExprContext(PlanState *planstate);
extern TupleDesc ExecGetScanType(ScanState *scanstate);
extern void ExecAssignScanType(ScanState *scanstate, TupleDesc tupDesc);
extern void ExecAssignScanTypeFromOuterPlan(ScanState *scanstate);

extern bool ExecRelationIsTargetRelation(EState *estate, Index scanrelid);

extern Relation ExecOpenScanRelation(EState *estate, Index scanrelid);
extern void ExecCloseScanRelation(Relation scanrel);

extern void ExecOpenIndices(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo);
extern void ExecCloseIndices(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo);
extern List *ExecInsertIndexTuples(TupleTableSlot *slot, ItemPointer tupleid,
					  EState *estate);
extern bool check_exclusion_constraint(Relation heap, Relation index,
						   IndexInfo *indexInfo,
						   ItemPointer tupleid,
						   Datum *values, bool *isnull,
						   EState *estate,
						   bool newIndex, bool errorOK);

extern void RegisterExprContextCallback(ExprContext *econtext,
							ExprContextCallbackFunction function,
							Datum arg);
extern void UnregisterExprContextCallback(ExprContext *econtext,
							  ExprContextCallbackFunction function,
							  Datum arg);

#endif   /* EXECUTOR_H  */

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Case Studies

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CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

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New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

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The BBC

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The Newark Star-Ledger

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Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Image 11-11-22 at 6.25 PM

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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