"""A lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes.""" # Module and documentation by Eric S. Raymond, 21 Dec 1998 # Input stacking and error message cleanup added by ESR, March 2000 # push_source() and pop_source() made explicit by ESR, January 2001. # Posix compliance, split(), string arguments, and # iterator interface by Gustavo Niemeyer, April 2003. import os import re import sys from collections import deque from io import StringIO __all__ = ["shlex", "split", "quote"] class shlex: "A lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes." def __init__(self, instream=None, infile=None, posix=False): if isinstance(instream, str): instream = StringIO(instream) if instream is not None: self.instream = instream self.infile = infile else: self.instream = sys.stdin self.infile = None self.posix = posix if posix: self.eof = None else: self.eof = '' self.commenters = '#' self.wordchars = ('abcdfeghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_') if self.posix: self.wordchars += ('ßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþÿ' 'ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ') self.whitespace = ' \t\r\n' self.whitespace_split = False self.quotes = '\'"' self.escape = '\\' self.escapedquotes = '"' self.state = ' ' self.pushback = deque() self.lineno = 1 self.debug = 0 self.token = '' self.filestack = deque() self.source = None def push_token(self, tok): "Push a token onto the stack popped by the get_token method" if self.debug >= 1: print("shlex: pushing token " + repr(tok)) self.pushback.appendleft(tok) def push_source(self, newstream, newfile=None): "Push an input source onto the lexer's input source stack." if isinstance(newstream, str): newstream = StringIO(newstream) self.filestack.appendleft((self.infile, self.instream, self.lineno)) self.infile = newfile self.instream = newstream self.lineno = 1 if self.debug: if newfile is not None: print('shlex: pushing to file %s' % (self.infile,)) else: print('shlex: pushing to stream %s' % (self.instream,)) def pop_source(self): "Pop the input source stack." self.instream.close() (self.infile, self.instream, self.lineno) = self.filestack.popleft() if self.debug: print('shlex: popping to %s, line %d' \ % (self.instream, self.lineno)) self.state = ' ' def get_token(self): "Get a token from the input stream (or from stack if it's nonempty)" if self.pushback: tok = self.pushback.popleft() if self.debug >= 1: print("shlex: popping token " + repr(tok)) return tok # No pushback. Get a token. raw = self.read_token() # Handle inclusions if self.source is not None: while raw == self.source: spec = self.sourcehook(self.read_token()) if spec: (newfile, newstream) = spec self.push_source(newstream, newfile) raw = self.get_token() # Maybe we got EOF instead? while raw == self.eof: if not self.filestack: return self.eof else: self.pop_source() raw = self.get_token() # Neither inclusion nor EOF if self.debug >= 1: if raw != self.eof: print("shlex: token=" + repr(raw)) else: print("shlex: token=EOF") return raw def read_token(self): quoted = False escapedstate = ' ' while True: nextchar = self.instream.read(1) if nextchar == '\n': self.lineno = self.lineno + 1 if self.debug >= 3: print("shlex: in state", repr(self.state), \ "I see character:", repr(nextchar)) if self.state is None: self.token = '' # past end of file break elif self.state == ' ': if not nextchar: self.state = None # end of file break elif nextchar in self.whitespace: if self.debug >= 2: print("shlex: I see whitespace in whitespace state") if self.token or (self.posix and quoted): break # emit current token else: continue elif nextchar in self.commenters: self.instream.readline() self.lineno = self.lineno + 1 elif self.posix and nextchar in self.escape: escapedstate = 'a' self.state = nextchar elif nextchar in self.wordchars: self.token = nextchar self.state = 'a' elif nextchar in self.quotes: if not self.posix: self.token = nextchar self.state = nextchar elif self.whitespace_split: self.token = nextchar self.state = 'a' else: self.token = nextchar if self.token or (self.posix and quoted): break # emit current token else: continue elif self.state in self.quotes: quoted = True if not nextchar: # end of file if self.debug >= 2: print("shlex: I see EOF in quotes state") # XXX what error should be raised here? raise ValueError("No closing quotation") if nextchar == self.state: if not self.posix: self.token = self.token + nextchar self.state = ' ' break else: self.state = 'a' elif self.posix and nextchar in self.escape and \ self.state in self.escapedquotes: escapedstate = self.state self.state = nextchar else: self.token = self.token + nextchar elif self.state in self.escape: if not nextchar: # end of file if self.debug >= 2: print("shlex: I see EOF in escape state") # XXX what error should be raised here? raise ValueError("No escaped character") # In posix shells, only the quote itself or the escape # character may be escaped within quotes. if escapedstate in self.quotes and \ nextchar != self.state and nextchar != escapedstate: self.token = self.token + self.state self.token = self.token + nextchar self.state = escapedstate elif self.state == 'a': if not nextchar: self.state = None # end of file break elif nextchar in self.whitespace: if self.debug >= 2: print("shlex: I see whitespace in word state") self.state = ' ' if self.token or (self.posix and quoted): break # emit current token else: continue elif nextchar in self.commenters: self.instream.readline() self.lineno = self.lineno + 1 if self.posix: self.state = ' ' if self.token or (self.posix and quoted): break # emit current token else: continue elif self.posix and nextchar in self.quotes: self.state = nextchar elif self.posix and nextchar in self.escape: escapedstate = 'a' self.state = nextchar elif nextchar in self.wordchars or nextchar in self.quotes \ or self.whitespace_split: self.token = self.token + nextchar else: self.pushback.appendleft(nextchar) if self.debug >= 2: print("shlex: I see punctuation in word state") self.state = ' ' if self.token: break # emit current token else: continue result = self.token self.token = '' if self.posix and not quoted and result == '': result = None if self.debug > 1: if result: print("shlex: raw token=" + repr(result)) else: print("shlex: raw token=EOF") return result def sourcehook(self, newfile): "Hook called on a filename to be sourced." if newfile[0] == '"': newfile = newfile[1:-1] # This implements cpp-like semantics for relative-path inclusion. if isinstance(self.infile, str) and not os.path.isabs(newfile): newfile = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.infile), newfile) return (newfile, open(newfile, "r")) def error_leader(self, infile=None, lineno=None): "Emit a C-compiler-like, Emacs-friendly error-message leader." if infile is None: infile = self.infile if lineno is None: lineno = self.lineno return "\"%s\", line %d: " % (infile, lineno) def __iter__(self): return self def __next__(self): token = self.get_token() if token == self.eof: raise StopIteration return token def split(s, comments=False, posix=True): lex = shlex(s, posix=posix) lex.whitespace_split = True if not comments: lex.commenters = '' return list(lex) _find_unsafe = re.compile(r'[^\w@%+=:,./-]', re.ASCII).search def quote(s): """Return a shell-escaped version of the string *s*.""" if not s: return "''" if _find_unsafe(s) is None: return s # use single quotes, and put single quotes into double quotes # the string $'b is then quoted as '$'"'"'b' return "'" + s.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") + "'" def _print_tokens(lexer): while 1: tt = lexer.get_token() if not tt: break print("Token: " + repr(tt)) if __name__ == '__main__': if len(sys.argv) == 1: _print_tokens(shlex()) else: fn = sys.argv[1] with open(fn) as f: _print_tokens(shlex(f, fn))

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.229

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media