"""A POP3 client class. Based on the J. Myers POP3 draft, Jan. 96 """ # Author: David Ascher <david_ascher@brown.edu> # [heavily stealing from nntplib.py] # Updated: Piers Lauder <piers@cs.su.oz.au> [Jul '97] # String method conversion and test jig improvements by ESR, February 2001. # Added the POP3_SSL class. Methods loosely based on IMAP_SSL. Hector Urtubia <urtubia@mrbook.org> Aug 2003 # Example (see the test function at the end of this file) # Imports import errno import re import socket try: import ssl HAVE_SSL = True except ImportError: HAVE_SSL = False __all__ = ["POP3","error_proto"] # Exception raised when an error or invalid response is received: class error_proto(Exception): pass # Standard Port POP3_PORT = 110 # POP SSL PORT POP3_SSL_PORT = 995 # Line terminators (we always output CRLF, but accept any of CRLF, LFCR, LF) CR = b'\r' LF = b'\n' CRLF = CR+LF # maximal line length when calling readline(). This is to prevent # reading arbitrary length lines. RFC 1939 limits POP3 line length to # 512 characters, including CRLF. We have selected 2048 just to be on # the safe side. _MAXLINE = 2048 class POP3: """This class supports both the minimal and optional command sets. Arguments can be strings or integers (where appropriate) (e.g.: retr(1) and retr('1') both work equally well. Minimal Command Set: USER name user(name) PASS string pass_(string) STAT stat() LIST [msg] list(msg = None) RETR msg retr(msg) DELE msg dele(msg) NOOP noop() RSET rset() QUIT quit() Optional Commands (some servers support these): RPOP name rpop(name) APOP name digest apop(name, digest) TOP msg n top(msg, n) UIDL [msg] uidl(msg = None) CAPA capa() STLS stls() UTF8 utf8() Raises one exception: 'error_proto'. Instantiate with: POP3(hostname, port=110) NB: the POP protocol locks the mailbox from user authorization until QUIT, so be sure to get in, suck the messages, and quit, each time you access the mailbox. POP is a line-based protocol, which means large mail messages consume lots of python cycles reading them line-by-line. If it's available on your mail server, use IMAP4 instead, it doesn't suffer from the two problems above. """ encoding = 'UTF-8' def __init__(self, host, port=POP3_PORT, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT): self.host = host self.port = port self._tls_established = False self.sock = self._create_socket(timeout) self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb') self._debugging = 0 self.welcome = self._getresp() def _create_socket(self, timeout): return socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), timeout) def _putline(self, line): if self._debugging > 1: print('*put*', repr(line)) self.sock.sendall(line + CRLF) # Internal: send one command to the server (through _putline()) def _putcmd(self, line): if self._debugging: print('*cmd*', repr(line)) line = bytes(line, self.encoding) self._putline(line) # Internal: return one line from the server, stripping CRLF. # This is where all the CPU time of this module is consumed. # Raise error_proto('-ERR EOF') if the connection is closed. def _getline(self): line = self.file.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) if len(line) > _MAXLINE: raise error_proto('line too long') if self._debugging > 1: print('*get*', repr(line)) if not line: raise error_proto('-ERR EOF') octets = len(line) # server can send any combination of CR & LF # however, 'readline()' returns lines ending in LF # so only possibilities are ...LF, ...CRLF, CR...LF if line[-2:] == CRLF: return line[:-2], octets if line[:1] == CR: return line[1:-1], octets return line[:-1], octets # Internal: get a response from the server. # Raise 'error_proto' if the response doesn't start with '+'. def _getresp(self): resp, o = self._getline() if self._debugging > 1: print('*resp*', repr(resp)) if not resp.startswith(b'+'): raise error_proto(resp) return resp # Internal: get a response plus following text from the server. def _getlongresp(self): resp = self._getresp() list = []; octets = 0 line, o = self._getline() while line != b'.': if line.startswith(b'..'): o = o-1 line = line[1:] octets = octets + o list.append(line) line, o = self._getline() return resp, list, octets # Internal: send a command and get the response def _shortcmd(self, line): self._putcmd(line) return self._getresp() # Internal: send a command and get the response plus following text def _longcmd(self, line): self._putcmd(line) return self._getlongresp() # These can be useful: def getwelcome(self): return self.welcome def set_debuglevel(self, level): self._debugging = level # Here are all the POP commands: def user(self, user): """Send user name, return response (should indicate password required). """ return self._shortcmd('USER %s' % user) def pass_(self, pswd): """Send password, return response (response includes message count, mailbox size). NB: mailbox is locked by server from here to 'quit()' """ return self._shortcmd('PASS %s' % pswd) def stat(self): """Get mailbox status. Result is tuple of 2 ints (message count, mailbox size) """ retval = self._shortcmd('STAT') rets = retval.split() if self._debugging: print('*stat*', repr(rets)) numMessages = int(rets[1]) sizeMessages = int(rets[2]) return (numMessages, sizeMessages) def list(self, which=None): """Request listing, return result. Result without a message number argument is in form ['response', ['mesg_num octets', ...], octets]. Result when a message number argument is given is a single response: the "scan listing" for that message. """ if which is not None: return self._shortcmd('LIST %s' % which) return self._longcmd('LIST') def retr(self, which): """Retrieve whole message number 'which'. Result is in form ['response', ['line', ...], octets]. """ return self._longcmd('RETR %s' % which) def dele(self, which): """Delete message number 'which'. Result is 'response'. """ return self._shortcmd('DELE %s' % which) def noop(self): """Does nothing. One supposes the response indicates the server is alive. """ return self._shortcmd('NOOP') def rset(self): """Unmark all messages marked for deletion.""" return self._shortcmd('RSET') def quit(self): """Signoff: commit changes on server, unlock mailbox, close connection.""" resp = self._shortcmd('QUIT') self.close() return resp def close(self): """Close the connection without assuming anything about it.""" try: file = self.file self.file = None if file is not None: file.close() finally: sock = self.sock self.sock = None if sock is not None: try: sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR) except OSError as e: # The server might already have closed the connection if e.errno != errno.ENOTCONN: raise finally: sock.close() #__del__ = quit # optional commands: def rpop(self, user): """Not sure what this does.""" return self._shortcmd('RPOP %s' % user) timestamp = re.compile(br'\+OK.*(<[^>]+>)') def apop(self, user, password): """Authorisation - only possible if server has supplied a timestamp in initial greeting. Args: user - mailbox user; password - mailbox password. NB: mailbox is locked by server from here to 'quit()' """ secret = bytes(password, self.encoding) m = self.timestamp.match(self.welcome) if not m: raise error_proto('-ERR APOP not supported by server') import hashlib digest = m.group(1)+secret digest = hashlib.md5(digest).hexdigest() return self._shortcmd('APOP %s %s' % (user, digest)) def top(self, which, howmuch): """Retrieve message header of message number 'which' and first 'howmuch' lines of message body. Result is in form ['response', ['line', ...], octets]. """ return self._longcmd('TOP %s %s' % (which, howmuch)) def uidl(self, which=None): """Return message digest (unique id) list. If 'which', result contains unique id for that message in the form 'response mesgnum uid', otherwise result is the list ['response', ['mesgnum uid', ...], octets] """ if which is not None: return self._shortcmd('UIDL %s' % which) return self._longcmd('UIDL') def utf8(self): """Try to enter UTF-8 mode (see RFC 6856). Returns server response. """ return self._shortcmd('UTF8') def capa(self): """Return server capabilities (RFC 2449) as a dictionary >>> c=poplib.POP3('localhost') >>> c.capa() {'IMPLEMENTATION': ['Cyrus', 'POP3', 'server', 'v2.2.12'], 'TOP': [], 'LOGIN-DELAY': ['0'], 'AUTH-RESP-CODE': [], 'EXPIRE': ['NEVER'], 'USER': [], 'STLS': [], 'PIPELINING': [], 'UIDL': [], 'RESP-CODES': []} >>> Really, according to RFC 2449, the cyrus folks should avoid having the implementation split into multiple arguments... """ def _parsecap(line): lst = line.decode('ascii').split() return lst[0], lst[1:] caps = {} try: resp = self._longcmd('CAPA') rawcaps = resp[1] for capline in rawcaps: capnm, capargs = _parsecap(capline) caps[capnm] = capargs except error_proto as _err: raise error_proto('-ERR CAPA not supported by server') return caps def stls(self, context=None): """Start a TLS session on the active connection as specified in RFC 2595. context - a ssl.SSLContext """ if not HAVE_SSL: raise error_proto('-ERR TLS support missing') if self._tls_established: raise error_proto('-ERR TLS session already established') caps = self.capa() if not 'STLS' in caps: raise error_proto('-ERR STLS not supported by server') if context is None: context = ssl._create_stdlib_context() resp = self._shortcmd('STLS') self.sock = context.wrap_socket(self.sock, server_hostname=self.host) self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb') self._tls_established = True return resp if HAVE_SSL: class POP3_SSL(POP3): """POP3 client class over SSL connection Instantiate with: POP3_SSL(hostname, port=995, keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None) hostname - the hostname of the pop3 over ssl server port - port number keyfile - PEM formatted file that contains your private key certfile - PEM formatted certificate chain file context - a ssl.SSLContext See the methods of the parent class POP3 for more documentation. """ def __init__(self, host, port=POP3_SSL_PORT, keyfile=None, certfile=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, context=None): if context is not None and keyfile is not None: raise ValueError("context and keyfile arguments are mutually " "exclusive") if context is not None and certfile is not None: raise ValueError("context and certfile arguments are mutually " "exclusive") self.keyfile = keyfile self.certfile = certfile if context is None: context = ssl._create_stdlib_context(certfile=certfile, keyfile=keyfile) self.context = context POP3.__init__(self, host, port, timeout) def _create_socket(self, timeout): sock = POP3._create_socket(self, timeout) sock = self.context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=self.host) return sock def stls(self, keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None): """The method unconditionally raises an exception since the STLS command doesn't make any sense on an already established SSL/TLS session. """ raise error_proto('-ERR TLS session already established') __all__.append("POP3_SSL") if __name__ == "__main__": import sys a = POP3(sys.argv[1]) print(a.getwelcome()) a.user(sys.argv[2]) a.pass_(sys.argv[3]) a.list() (numMsgs, totalSize) = a.stat() for i in range(1, numMsgs + 1): (header, msg, octets) = a.retr(i) print("Message %d:" % i) for line in msg: print(' ' + line) print('-----------------------') a.quit()

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.134

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media