Current File : //opt/rh/rh-python35/root/lib64/python3.5/plistlib.py
r"""plistlib.py -- a tool to generate and parse MacOSX .plist files.
The property list (.plist) file format is a simple XML pickle supporting
basic object types, like dictionaries, lists, numbers and strings.
Usually the top level object is a dictionary.
To write out a plist file, use the dump(value, file)
function. 'value' is the top level object, 'file' is
a (writable) file object.
To parse a plist from a file, use the load(file) function,
with a (readable) file object as the only argument. It
returns the top level object (again, usually a dictionary).
To work with plist data in bytes objects, you can use loads()
and dumps().
Values can be strings, integers, floats, booleans, tuples, lists,
dictionaries (but only with string keys), Data, bytes, bytearray, or
datetime.datetime objects.
Generate Plist example:
pl = dict(
aString = "Doodah",
aList = ["A", "B", 12, 32.1, [1, 2, 3]],
aFloat = 0.1,
anInt = 728,
aDict = dict(
anotherString = "<hello & hi there!>",
aUnicodeValue = "M\xe4ssig, Ma\xdf",
aTrueValue = True,
aFalseValue = False,
),
someData = b"<binary gunk>",
someMoreData = b"<lots of binary gunk>" * 10,
aDate = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.mktime(time.gmtime())),
)
with open(fileName, 'wb') as fp:
dump(pl, fp)
Parse Plist example:
with open(fileName, 'rb') as fp:
pl = load(fp)
print(pl["aKey"])
"""
__all__ = [
"readPlist", "writePlist", "readPlistFromBytes", "writePlistToBytes",
"Plist", "Data", "Dict", "FMT_XML", "FMT_BINARY",
"load", "dump", "loads", "dumps"
]
import binascii
import codecs
import contextlib
import datetime
import enum
from io import BytesIO
import itertools
import os
import re
import struct
from warnings import warn
from xml.parsers.expat import ParserCreate
PlistFormat = enum.Enum('PlistFormat', 'FMT_XML FMT_BINARY', module=__name__)
globals().update(PlistFormat.__members__)
#
#
# Deprecated functionality
#
#
class _InternalDict(dict):
# This class is needed while Dict is scheduled for deprecation:
# we only need to warn when a *user* instantiates Dict or when
# the "attribute notation for dict keys" is used.
__slots__ = ()
def __getattr__(self, attr):
try:
value = self[attr]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(attr)
warn("Attribute access from plist dicts is deprecated, use d[key] "
"notation instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
return value
def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
warn("Attribute access from plist dicts is deprecated, use d[key] "
"notation instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
self[attr] = value
def __delattr__(self, attr):
try:
del self[attr]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(attr)
warn("Attribute access from plist dicts is deprecated, use d[key] "
"notation instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
class Dict(_InternalDict):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
warn("The plistlib.Dict class is deprecated, use builtin dict instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
super().__init__(**kwargs)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _maybe_open(pathOrFile, mode):
if isinstance(pathOrFile, str):
with open(pathOrFile, mode) as fp:
yield fp
else:
yield pathOrFile
class Plist(_InternalDict):
"""This class has been deprecated. Use dump() and load()
functions instead, together with regular dict objects.
"""
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
warn("The Plist class is deprecated, use the load() and "
"dump() functions instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
super().__init__(**kwargs)
@classmethod
def fromFile(cls, pathOrFile):
"""Deprecated. Use the load() function instead."""
with _maybe_open(pathOrFile, 'rb') as fp:
value = load(fp)
plist = cls()
plist.update(value)
return plist
def write(self, pathOrFile):
"""Deprecated. Use the dump() function instead."""
with _maybe_open(pathOrFile, 'wb') as fp:
dump(self, fp)
def readPlist(pathOrFile):
"""
Read a .plist from a path or file. pathOrFile should either
be a file name, or a readable binary file object.
This function is deprecated, use load instead.
"""
warn("The readPlist function is deprecated, use load() instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
with _maybe_open(pathOrFile, 'rb') as fp:
return load(fp, fmt=None, use_builtin_types=False,
dict_type=_InternalDict)
def writePlist(value, pathOrFile):
"""
Write 'value' to a .plist file. 'pathOrFile' may either be a
file name or a (writable) file object.
This function is deprecated, use dump instead.
"""
warn("The writePlist function is deprecated, use dump() instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
with _maybe_open(pathOrFile, 'wb') as fp:
dump(value, fp, fmt=FMT_XML, sort_keys=True, skipkeys=False)
def readPlistFromBytes(data):
"""
Read a plist data from a bytes object. Return the root object.
This function is deprecated, use loads instead.
"""
warn("The readPlistFromBytes function is deprecated, use loads() instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
return load(BytesIO(data), fmt=None, use_builtin_types=False,
dict_type=_InternalDict)
def writePlistToBytes(value):
"""
Return 'value' as a plist-formatted bytes object.
This function is deprecated, use dumps instead.
"""
warn("The writePlistToBytes function is deprecated, use dumps() instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
f = BytesIO()
dump(value, f, fmt=FMT_XML, sort_keys=True, skipkeys=False)
return f.getvalue()
class Data:
"""
Wrapper for binary data.
This class is deprecated, use a bytes object instead.
"""
def __init__(self, data):
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
raise TypeError("data must be as bytes")
self.data = data
@classmethod
def fromBase64(cls, data):
# base64.decodebytes just calls binascii.a2b_base64;
# it seems overkill to use both base64 and binascii.
return cls(_decode_base64(data))
def asBase64(self, maxlinelength=76):
return _encode_base64(self.data, maxlinelength)
def __eq__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
return self.data == other.data
elif isinstance(other, str):
return self.data == other
else:
return id(self) == id(other)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, repr(self.data))
#
#
# End of deprecated functionality
#
#
#
# XML support
#
# XML 'header'
PLISTHEADER = b"""\
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
"""
# Regex to find any control chars, except for \t \n and \r
_controlCharPat = re.compile(
r"[\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e\x0f"
r"\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]")
def _encode_base64(s, maxlinelength=76):
# copied from base64.encodebytes(), with added maxlinelength argument
maxbinsize = (maxlinelength//4)*3
pieces = []
for i in range(0, len(s), maxbinsize):
chunk = s[i : i + maxbinsize]
pieces.append(binascii.b2a_base64(chunk))
return b''.join(pieces)
def _decode_base64(s):
if isinstance(s, str):
return binascii.a2b_base64(s.encode("utf-8"))
else:
return binascii.a2b_base64(s)
# Contents should conform to a subset of ISO 8601
# (in particular, YYYY '-' MM '-' DD 'T' HH ':' MM ':' SS 'Z'. Smaller units
# may be omitted with # a loss of precision)
_dateParser = re.compile(r"(?P<year>\d\d\d\d)(?:-(?P<month>\d\d)(?:-(?P<day>\d\d)(?:T(?P<hour>\d\d)(?::(?P<minute>\d\d)(?::(?P<second>\d\d))?)?)?)?)?Z", re.ASCII)
def _date_from_string(s):
order = ('year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second')
gd = _dateParser.match(s).groupdict()
lst = []
for key in order:
val = gd[key]
if val is None:
break
lst.append(int(val))
return datetime.datetime(*lst)
def _date_to_string(d):
return '%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ' % (
d.year, d.month, d.day,
d.hour, d.minute, d.second
)
def _escape(text):
m = _controlCharPat.search(text)
if m is not None:
raise ValueError("strings can't contains control characters; "
"use bytes instead")
text = text.replace("\r\n", "\n") # convert DOS line endings
text = text.replace("\r", "\n") # convert Mac line endings
text = text.replace("&", "&") # escape '&'
text = text.replace("<", "<") # escape '<'
text = text.replace(">", ">") # escape '>'
return text
class _PlistParser:
def __init__(self, use_builtin_types, dict_type):
self.stack = []
self.current_key = None
self.root = None
self._use_builtin_types = use_builtin_types
self._dict_type = dict_type
def parse(self, fileobj):
self.parser = ParserCreate()
self.parser.StartElementHandler = self.handle_begin_element
self.parser.EndElementHandler = self.handle_end_element
self.parser.CharacterDataHandler = self.handle_data
self.parser.ParseFile(fileobj)
return self.root
def handle_begin_element(self, element, attrs):
self.data = []
handler = getattr(self, "begin_" + element, None)
if handler is not None:
handler(attrs)
def handle_end_element(self, element):
handler = getattr(self, "end_" + element, None)
if handler is not None:
handler()
def handle_data(self, data):
self.data.append(data)
def add_object(self, value):
if self.current_key is not None:
if not isinstance(self.stack[-1], type({})):
raise ValueError("unexpected element at line %d" %
self.parser.CurrentLineNumber)
self.stack[-1][self.current_key] = value
self.current_key = None
elif not self.stack:
# this is the root object
self.root = value
else:
if not isinstance(self.stack[-1], type([])):
raise ValueError("unexpected element at line %d" %
self.parser.CurrentLineNumber)
self.stack[-1].append(value)
def get_data(self):
data = ''.join(self.data)
self.data = []
return data
# element handlers
def begin_dict(self, attrs):
d = self._dict_type()
self.add_object(d)
self.stack.append(d)
def end_dict(self):
if self.current_key:
raise ValueError("missing value for key '%s' at line %d" %
(self.current_key,self.parser.CurrentLineNumber))
self.stack.pop()
def end_key(self):
if self.current_key or not isinstance(self.stack[-1], type({})):
raise ValueError("unexpected key at line %d" %
self.parser.CurrentLineNumber)
self.current_key = self.get_data()
def begin_array(self, attrs):
a = []
self.add_object(a)
self.stack.append(a)
def end_array(self):
self.stack.pop()
def end_true(self):
self.add_object(True)
def end_false(self):
self.add_object(False)
def end_integer(self):
self.add_object(int(self.get_data()))
def end_real(self):
self.add_object(float(self.get_data()))
def end_string(self):
self.add_object(self.get_data())
def end_data(self):
if self._use_builtin_types:
self.add_object(_decode_base64(self.get_data()))
else:
self.add_object(Data.fromBase64(self.get_data()))
def end_date(self):
self.add_object(_date_from_string(self.get_data()))
class _DumbXMLWriter:
def __init__(self, file, indent_level=0, indent="\t"):
self.file = file
self.stack = []
self._indent_level = indent_level
self.indent = indent
def begin_element(self, element):
self.stack.append(element)
self.writeln("<%s>" % element)
self._indent_level += 1
def end_element(self, element):
assert self._indent_level > 0
assert self.stack.pop() == element
self._indent_level -= 1
self.writeln("</%s>" % element)
def simple_element(self, element, value=None):
if value is not None:
value = _escape(value)
self.writeln("<%s>%s</%s>" % (element, value, element))
else:
self.writeln("<%s/>" % element)
def writeln(self, line):
if line:
# plist has fixed encoding of utf-8
# XXX: is this test needed?
if isinstance(line, str):
line = line.encode('utf-8')
self.file.write(self._indent_level * self.indent)
self.file.write(line)
self.file.write(b'\n')
class _PlistWriter(_DumbXMLWriter):
def __init__(
self, file, indent_level=0, indent=b"\t", writeHeader=1,
sort_keys=True, skipkeys=False):
if writeHeader:
file.write(PLISTHEADER)
_DumbXMLWriter.__init__(self, file, indent_level, indent)
self._sort_keys = sort_keys
self._skipkeys = skipkeys
def write(self, value):
self.writeln("<plist version=\"1.0\">")
self.write_value(value)
self.writeln("</plist>")
def write_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, str):
self.simple_element("string", value)
elif value is True:
self.simple_element("true")
elif value is False:
self.simple_element("false")
elif isinstance(value, int):
if -1 << 63 <= value < 1 << 64:
self.simple_element("integer", "%d" % value)
else:
raise OverflowError(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
self.simple_element("real", repr(value))
elif isinstance(value, dict):
self.write_dict(value)
elif isinstance(value, Data):
self.write_data(value)
elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray)):
self.write_bytes(value)
elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
self.simple_element("date", _date_to_string(value))
elif isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
self.write_array(value)
else:
raise TypeError("unsupported type: %s" % type(value))
def write_data(self, data):
self.write_bytes(data.data)
def write_bytes(self, data):
self.begin_element("data")
self._indent_level -= 1
maxlinelength = max(
16,
76 - len(self.indent.replace(b"\t", b" " * 8) * self._indent_level))
for line in _encode_base64(data, maxlinelength).split(b"\n"):
if line:
self.writeln(line)
self._indent_level += 1
self.end_element("data")
def write_dict(self, d):
if d:
self.begin_element("dict")
if self._sort_keys:
items = sorted(d.items())
else:
items = d.items()
for key, value in items:
if not isinstance(key, str):
if self._skipkeys:
continue
raise TypeError("keys must be strings")
self.simple_element("key", key)
self.write_value(value)
self.end_element("dict")
else:
self.simple_element("dict")
def write_array(self, array):
if array:
self.begin_element("array")
for value in array:
self.write_value(value)
self.end_element("array")
else:
self.simple_element("array")
def _is_fmt_xml(header):
prefixes = (b'<?xml', b'<plist')
for pfx in prefixes:
if header.startswith(pfx):
return True
# Also check for alternative XML encodings, this is slightly
# overkill because the Apple tools (and plistlib) will not
# generate files with these encodings.
for bom, encoding in (
(codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf-8"),
(codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE, "utf-16-be"),
(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, "utf-16-le"),
# expat does not support utf-32
#(codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE, "utf-32-be"),
#(codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, "utf-32-le"),
):
if not header.startswith(bom):
continue
for start in prefixes:
prefix = bom + start.decode('ascii').encode(encoding)
if header[:len(prefix)] == prefix:
return True
return False
#
# Binary Plist
#
class InvalidFileException (ValueError):
def __init__(self, message="Invalid file"):
ValueError.__init__(self, message)
_BINARY_FORMAT = {1: 'B', 2: 'H', 4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}
class _BinaryPlistParser:
"""
Read or write a binary plist file, following the description of the binary
format. Raise InvalidFileException in case of error, otherwise return the
root object.
see also: http://opensource.apple.com/source/CF/CF-744.18/CFBinaryPList.c
"""
def __init__(self, use_builtin_types, dict_type):
self._use_builtin_types = use_builtin_types
self._dict_type = dict_type
def parse(self, fp):
try:
# The basic file format:
# HEADER
# object...
# refid->offset...
# TRAILER
self._fp = fp
self._fp.seek(-32, os.SEEK_END)
trailer = self._fp.read(32)
if len(trailer) != 32:
raise InvalidFileException()
(
offset_size, self._ref_size, num_objects, top_object,
offset_table_offset
) = struct.unpack('>6xBBQQQ', trailer)
self._fp.seek(offset_table_offset)
self._object_offsets = self._read_ints(num_objects, offset_size)
return self._read_object(self._object_offsets[top_object])
except (OSError, IndexError, struct.error):
raise InvalidFileException()
def _get_size(self, tokenL):
""" return the size of the next object."""
if tokenL == 0xF:
m = self._fp.read(1)[0] & 0x3
s = 1 << m
f = '>' + _BINARY_FORMAT[s]
return struct.unpack(f, self._fp.read(s))[0]
return tokenL
def _read_ints(self, n, size):
data = self._fp.read(size * n)
if size in _BINARY_FORMAT:
return struct.unpack('>' + _BINARY_FORMAT[size] * n, data)
else:
return tuple(int.from_bytes(data[i: i + size], 'big')
for i in range(0, size * n, size))
def _read_refs(self, n):
return self._read_ints(n, self._ref_size)
def _read_object(self, offset):
"""
read the object at offset.
May recursively read sub-objects (content of an array/dict/set)
"""
self._fp.seek(offset)
token = self._fp.read(1)[0]
tokenH, tokenL = token & 0xF0, token & 0x0F
if token == 0x00:
return None
elif token == 0x08:
return False
elif token == 0x09:
return True
# The referenced source code also mentions URL (0x0c, 0x0d) and
# UUID (0x0e), but neither can be generated using the Cocoa libraries.
elif token == 0x0f:
return b''
elif tokenH == 0x10: # int
return int.from_bytes(self._fp.read(1 << tokenL),
'big', signed=tokenL >= 3)
elif token == 0x22: # real
return struct.unpack('>f', self._fp.read(4))[0]
elif token == 0x23: # real
return struct.unpack('>d', self._fp.read(8))[0]
elif token == 0x33: # date
f = struct.unpack('>d', self._fp.read(8))[0]
# timestamp 0 of binary plists corresponds to 1/1/2001
# (year of Mac OS X 10.0), instead of 1/1/1970.
return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(f + (31 * 365 + 8) * 86400)
elif tokenH == 0x40: # data
s = self._get_size(tokenL)
if self._use_builtin_types:
return self._fp.read(s)
else:
return Data(self._fp.read(s))
elif tokenH == 0x50: # ascii string
s = self._get_size(tokenL)
result = self._fp.read(s).decode('ascii')
return result
elif tokenH == 0x60: # unicode string
s = self._get_size(tokenL)
return self._fp.read(s * 2).decode('utf-16be')
# tokenH == 0x80 is documented as 'UID' and appears to be used for
# keyed-archiving, not in plists.
elif tokenH == 0xA0: # array
s = self._get_size(tokenL)
obj_refs = self._read_refs(s)
return [self._read_object(self._object_offsets[x])
for x in obj_refs]
# tokenH == 0xB0 is documented as 'ordset', but is not actually
# implemented in the Apple reference code.
# tokenH == 0xC0 is documented as 'set', but sets cannot be used in
# plists.
elif tokenH == 0xD0: # dict
s = self._get_size(tokenL)
key_refs = self._read_refs(s)
obj_refs = self._read_refs(s)
result = self._dict_type()
for k, o in zip(key_refs, obj_refs):
result[self._read_object(self._object_offsets[k])
] = self._read_object(self._object_offsets[o])
return result
raise InvalidFileException()
def _count_to_size(count):
if count < 1 << 8:
return 1
elif count < 1 << 16:
return 2
elif count << 1 << 32:
return 4
else:
return 8
class _BinaryPlistWriter (object):
def __init__(self, fp, sort_keys, skipkeys):
self._fp = fp
self._sort_keys = sort_keys
self._skipkeys = skipkeys
def write(self, value):
# Flattened object list:
self._objlist = []
# Mappings from object->objectid
# First dict has (type(object), object) as the key,
# second dict is used when object is not hashable and
# has id(object) as the key.
self._objtable = {}
self._objidtable = {}
# Create list of all objects in the plist
self._flatten(value)
# Size of object references in serialized containers
# depends on the number of objects in the plist.
num_objects = len(self._objlist)
self._object_offsets = [0]*num_objects
self._ref_size = _count_to_size(num_objects)
self._ref_format = _BINARY_FORMAT[self._ref_size]
# Write file header
self._fp.write(b'bplist00')
# Write object list
for obj in self._objlist:
self._write_object(obj)
# Write refnum->object offset table
top_object = self._getrefnum(value)
offset_table_offset = self._fp.tell()
offset_size = _count_to_size(offset_table_offset)
offset_format = '>' + _BINARY_FORMAT[offset_size] * num_objects
self._fp.write(struct.pack(offset_format, *self._object_offsets))
# Write trailer
sort_version = 0
trailer = (
sort_version, offset_size, self._ref_size, num_objects,
top_object, offset_table_offset
)
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>5xBBBQQQ', *trailer))
def _flatten(self, value):
# First check if the object is in the object table, not used for
# containers to ensure that two subcontainers with the same contents
# will be serialized as distinct values.
if isinstance(value, (
str, int, float, datetime.datetime, bytes, bytearray)):
if (type(value), value) in self._objtable:
return
elif isinstance(value, Data):
if (type(value.data), value.data) in self._objtable:
return
# Add to objectreference map
refnum = len(self._objlist)
self._objlist.append(value)
try:
if isinstance(value, Data):
self._objtable[(type(value.data), value.data)] = refnum
else:
self._objtable[(type(value), value)] = refnum
except TypeError:
self._objidtable[id(value)] = refnum
# And finally recurse into containers
if isinstance(value, dict):
keys = []
values = []
items = value.items()
if self._sort_keys:
items = sorted(items)
for k, v in items:
if not isinstance(k, str):
if self._skipkeys:
continue
raise TypeError("keys must be strings")
keys.append(k)
values.append(v)
for o in itertools.chain(keys, values):
self._flatten(o)
elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
for o in value:
self._flatten(o)
def _getrefnum(self, value):
try:
if isinstance(value, Data):
return self._objtable[(type(value.data), value.data)]
else:
return self._objtable[(type(value), value)]
except TypeError:
return self._objidtable[id(value)]
def _write_size(self, token, size):
if size < 15:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>B', token | size))
elif size < 1 << 8:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BBB', token | 0xF, 0x10, size))
elif size < 1 << 16:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BBH', token | 0xF, 0x11, size))
elif size < 1 << 32:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BBL', token | 0xF, 0x12, size))
else:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BBQ', token | 0xF, 0x13, size))
def _write_object(self, value):
ref = self._getrefnum(value)
self._object_offsets[ref] = self._fp.tell()
if value is None:
self._fp.write(b'\x00')
elif value is False:
self._fp.write(b'\x08')
elif value is True:
self._fp.write(b'\x09')
elif isinstance(value, int):
if value < 0:
try:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>Bq', 0x13, value))
except struct.error:
raise OverflowError(value) from None
elif value < 1 << 8:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BB', 0x10, value))
elif value < 1 << 16:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BH', 0x11, value))
elif value < 1 << 32:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BL', 0x12, value))
elif value < 1 << 63:
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>BQ', 0x13, value))
elif value < 1 << 64:
self._fp.write(b'\x14' + value.to_bytes(16, 'big', signed=True))
else:
raise OverflowError(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>Bd', 0x23, value))
elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
f = (value - datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1)).total_seconds()
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>Bd', 0x33, f))
elif isinstance(value, Data):
self._write_size(0x40, len(value.data))
self._fp.write(value.data)
elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray)):
self._write_size(0x40, len(value))
self._fp.write(value)
elif isinstance(value, str):
try:
t = value.encode('ascii')
self._write_size(0x50, len(value))
except UnicodeEncodeError:
t = value.encode('utf-16be')
self._write_size(0x60, len(value))
self._fp.write(t)
elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
refs = [self._getrefnum(o) for o in value]
s = len(refs)
self._write_size(0xA0, s)
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>' + self._ref_format * s, *refs))
elif isinstance(value, dict):
keyRefs, valRefs = [], []
if self._sort_keys:
rootItems = sorted(value.items())
else:
rootItems = value.items()
for k, v in rootItems:
if not isinstance(k, str):
if self._skipkeys:
continue
raise TypeError("keys must be strings")
keyRefs.append(self._getrefnum(k))
valRefs.append(self._getrefnum(v))
s = len(keyRefs)
self._write_size(0xD0, s)
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>' + self._ref_format * s, *keyRefs))
self._fp.write(struct.pack('>' + self._ref_format * s, *valRefs))
else:
raise TypeError(value)
def _is_fmt_binary(header):
return header[:8] == b'bplist00'
#
# Generic bits
#
_FORMATS={
FMT_XML: dict(
detect=_is_fmt_xml,
parser=_PlistParser,
writer=_PlistWriter,
),
FMT_BINARY: dict(
detect=_is_fmt_binary,
parser=_BinaryPlistParser,
writer=_BinaryPlistWriter,
)
}
def load(fp, *, fmt=None, use_builtin_types=True, dict_type=dict):
"""Read a .plist file. 'fp' should be (readable) file object.
Return the unpacked root object (which usually is a dictionary).
"""
if fmt is None:
header = fp.read(32)
fp.seek(0)
for info in _FORMATS.values():
if info['detect'](header):
P = info['parser']
break
else:
raise InvalidFileException()
else:
P = _FORMATS[fmt]['parser']
p = P(use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, dict_type=dict_type)
return p.parse(fp)
def loads(value, *, fmt=None, use_builtin_types=True, dict_type=dict):
"""Read a .plist file from a bytes object.
Return the unpacked root object (which usually is a dictionary).
"""
fp = BytesIO(value)
return load(
fp, fmt=fmt, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, dict_type=dict_type)
def dump(value, fp, *, fmt=FMT_XML, sort_keys=True, skipkeys=False):
"""Write 'value' to a .plist file. 'fp' should be a (writable)
file object.
"""
if fmt not in _FORMATS:
raise ValueError("Unsupported format: %r"%(fmt,))
writer = _FORMATS[fmt]["writer"](fp, sort_keys=sort_keys, skipkeys=skipkeys)
writer.write(value)
def dumps(value, *, fmt=FMT_XML, skipkeys=False, sort_keys=True):
"""Return a bytes object with the contents for a .plist file.
"""
fp = BytesIO()
dump(value, fp, fmt=fmt, skipkeys=skipkeys, sort_keys=sort_keys)
return fp.getvalue()
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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