Current File : //opt/rh/rh-python35/root/lib64/python3.5/multiprocessing/connection.py
#
# A higher level module for using sockets (or Windows named pipes)
#
# multiprocessing/connection.py
#
# Copyright (c) 2006-2008, R Oudkerk
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
#
__all__ = [ 'Client', 'Listener', 'Pipe', 'wait' ]
import io
import os
import sys
import socket
import struct
import time
import tempfile
import itertools
import _multiprocessing
from . import reduction
from . import util
from . import AuthenticationError, BufferTooShort
from .reduction import ForkingPickler
try:
import _winapi
from _winapi import WAIT_OBJECT_0, WAIT_ABANDONED_0, WAIT_TIMEOUT, INFINITE
except ImportError:
if sys.platform == 'win32':
raise
_winapi = None
#
#
#
BUFSIZE = 8192
# A very generous timeout when it comes to local connections...
CONNECTION_TIMEOUT = 20.
_mmap_counter = itertools.count()
default_family = 'AF_INET'
families = ['AF_INET']
if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
default_family = 'AF_UNIX'
families += ['AF_UNIX']
if sys.platform == 'win32':
default_family = 'AF_PIPE'
families += ['AF_PIPE']
def _init_timeout(timeout=CONNECTION_TIMEOUT):
return time.time() + timeout
def _check_timeout(t):
return time.time() > t
#
#
#
def arbitrary_address(family):
'''
Return an arbitrary free address for the given family
'''
if family == 'AF_INET':
return ('localhost', 0)
elif family == 'AF_UNIX':
return tempfile.mktemp(prefix='listener-', dir=util.get_temp_dir())
elif family == 'AF_PIPE':
return tempfile.mktemp(prefix=r'\\.\pipe\pyc-%d-%d-' %
(os.getpid(), next(_mmap_counter)), dir="")
else:
raise ValueError('unrecognized family')
def _validate_family(family):
'''
Checks if the family is valid for the current environment.
'''
if sys.platform != 'win32' and family == 'AF_PIPE':
raise ValueError('Family %s is not recognized.' % family)
if sys.platform == 'win32' and family == 'AF_UNIX':
# double check
if not hasattr(socket, family):
raise ValueError('Family %s is not recognized.' % family)
def address_type(address):
'''
Return the types of the address
This can be 'AF_INET', 'AF_UNIX', or 'AF_PIPE'
'''
if type(address) == tuple:
return 'AF_INET'
elif type(address) is str and address.startswith('\\\\'):
return 'AF_PIPE'
elif type(address) is str:
return 'AF_UNIX'
else:
raise ValueError('address type of %r unrecognized' % address)
#
# Connection classes
#
class _ConnectionBase:
_handle = None
def __init__(self, handle, readable=True, writable=True):
handle = handle.__index__()
if handle < 0:
raise ValueError("invalid handle")
if not readable and not writable:
raise ValueError(
"at least one of `readable` and `writable` must be True")
self._handle = handle
self._readable = readable
self._writable = writable
# XXX should we use util.Finalize instead of a __del__?
def __del__(self):
if self._handle is not None:
self._close()
def _check_closed(self):
if self._handle is None:
raise OSError("handle is closed")
def _check_readable(self):
if not self._readable:
raise OSError("connection is write-only")
def _check_writable(self):
if not self._writable:
raise OSError("connection is read-only")
def _bad_message_length(self):
if self._writable:
self._readable = False
else:
self.close()
raise OSError("bad message length")
@property
def closed(self):
"""True if the connection is closed"""
return self._handle is None
@property
def readable(self):
"""True if the connection is readable"""
return self._readable
@property
def writable(self):
"""True if the connection is writable"""
return self._writable
def fileno(self):
"""File descriptor or handle of the connection"""
self._check_closed()
return self._handle
def close(self):
"""Close the connection"""
if self._handle is not None:
try:
self._close()
finally:
self._handle = None
def send_bytes(self, buf, offset=0, size=None):
"""Send the bytes data from a bytes-like object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_writable()
m = memoryview(buf)
# HACK for byte-indexing of non-bytewise buffers (e.g. array.array)
if m.itemsize > 1:
m = memoryview(bytes(m))
n = len(m)
if offset < 0:
raise ValueError("offset is negative")
if n < offset:
raise ValueError("buffer length < offset")
if size is None:
size = n - offset
elif size < 0:
raise ValueError("size is negative")
elif offset + size > n:
raise ValueError("buffer length < offset + size")
self._send_bytes(m[offset:offset + size])
def send(self, obj):
"""Send a (picklable) object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_writable()
self._send_bytes(ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
def recv_bytes(self, maxlength=None):
"""
Receive bytes data as a bytes object.
"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
if maxlength is not None and maxlength < 0:
raise ValueError("negative maxlength")
buf = self._recv_bytes(maxlength)
if buf is None:
self._bad_message_length()
return buf.getvalue()
def recv_bytes_into(self, buf, offset=0):
"""
Receive bytes data into a writeable bytes-like object.
Return the number of bytes read.
"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
with memoryview(buf) as m:
# Get bytesize of arbitrary buffer
itemsize = m.itemsize
bytesize = itemsize * len(m)
if offset < 0:
raise ValueError("negative offset")
elif offset > bytesize:
raise ValueError("offset too large")
result = self._recv_bytes()
size = result.tell()
if bytesize < offset + size:
raise BufferTooShort(result.getvalue())
# Message can fit in dest
result.seek(0)
result.readinto(m[offset // itemsize :
(offset + size) // itemsize])
return size
def recv(self):
"""Receive a (picklable) object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
buf = self._recv_bytes()
return ForkingPickler.loads(buf.getbuffer())
def poll(self, timeout=0.0):
"""Whether there is any input available to be read"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
return self._poll(timeout)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
self.close()
if _winapi:
class PipeConnection(_ConnectionBase):
"""
Connection class based on a Windows named pipe.
Overlapped I/O is used, so the handles must have been created
with FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED.
"""
_got_empty_message = False
def _close(self, _CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
_CloseHandle(self._handle)
def _send_bytes(self, buf):
ov, err = _winapi.WriteFile(self._handle, buf, overlapped=True)
try:
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
waitres = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
assert waitres == WAIT_OBJECT_0
except:
ov.cancel()
raise
finally:
nwritten, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
assert nwritten == len(buf)
def _recv_bytes(self, maxsize=None):
if self._got_empty_message:
self._got_empty_message = False
return io.BytesIO()
else:
bsize = 128 if maxsize is None else min(maxsize, 128)
try:
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(self._handle, bsize,
overlapped=True)
try:
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
waitres = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
assert waitres == WAIT_OBJECT_0
except:
ov.cancel()
raise
finally:
nread, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
if err == 0:
f = io.BytesIO()
f.write(ov.getbuffer())
return f
elif err == _winapi.ERROR_MORE_DATA:
return self._get_more_data(ov, maxsize)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror == _winapi.ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE:
raise EOFError
else:
raise
raise RuntimeError("shouldn't get here; expected KeyboardInterrupt")
def _poll(self, timeout):
if (self._got_empty_message or
_winapi.PeekNamedPipe(self._handle)[0] != 0):
return True
return bool(wait([self], timeout))
def _get_more_data(self, ov, maxsize):
buf = ov.getbuffer()
f = io.BytesIO()
f.write(buf)
left = _winapi.PeekNamedPipe(self._handle)[1]
assert left > 0
if maxsize is not None and len(buf) + left > maxsize:
self._bad_message_length()
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(self._handle, left, overlapped=True)
rbytes, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
assert rbytes == left
f.write(ov.getbuffer())
return f
class Connection(_ConnectionBase):
"""
Connection class based on an arbitrary file descriptor (Unix only), or
a socket handle (Windows).
"""
if _winapi:
def _close(self, _close=_multiprocessing.closesocket):
_close(self._handle)
_write = _multiprocessing.send
_read = _multiprocessing.recv
else:
def _close(self, _close=os.close):
_close(self._handle)
_write = os.write
_read = os.read
def _send(self, buf, write=_write):
remaining = len(buf)
while True:
n = write(self._handle, buf)
remaining -= n
if remaining == 0:
break
buf = buf[n:]
def _recv(self, size, read=_read):
buf = io.BytesIO()
handle = self._handle
remaining = size
while remaining > 0:
chunk = read(handle, remaining)
n = len(chunk)
if n == 0:
if remaining == size:
raise EOFError
else:
raise OSError("got end of file during message")
buf.write(chunk)
remaining -= n
return buf
def _send_bytes(self, buf):
n = len(buf)
# For wire compatibility with 3.2 and lower
header = struct.pack("!i", n)
if n > 16384:
# The payload is large so Nagle's algorithm won't be triggered
# and we'd better avoid the cost of concatenation.
self._send(header)
self._send(buf)
else:
# Issue # 20540: concatenate before sending, to avoid delays due
# to Nagle's algorithm on a TCP socket.
# Also note we want to avoid sending a 0-length buffer separately,
# to avoid "broken pipe" errors if the other end closed the pipe.
self._send(header + buf)
def _recv_bytes(self, maxsize=None):
buf = self._recv(4)
size, = struct.unpack("!i", buf.getvalue())
if maxsize is not None and size > maxsize:
return None
return self._recv(size)
def _poll(self, timeout):
r = wait([self], timeout)
return bool(r)
#
# Public functions
#
class Listener(object):
'''
Returns a listener object.
This is a wrapper for a bound socket which is 'listening' for
connections, or for a Windows named pipe.
'''
def __init__(self, address=None, family=None, backlog=1, authkey=None):
family = family or (address and address_type(address)) \
or default_family
address = address or arbitrary_address(family)
_validate_family(family)
if family == 'AF_PIPE':
self._listener = PipeListener(address, backlog)
else:
self._listener = SocketListener(address, family, backlog)
if authkey is not None and not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
raise TypeError('authkey should be a byte string')
self._authkey = authkey
def accept(self):
'''
Accept a connection on the bound socket or named pipe of `self`.
Returns a `Connection` object.
'''
if self._listener is None:
raise OSError('listener is closed')
c = self._listener.accept()
if self._authkey:
deliver_challenge(c, self._authkey)
answer_challenge(c, self._authkey)
return c
def close(self):
'''
Close the bound socket or named pipe of `self`.
'''
listener = self._listener
if listener is not None:
self._listener = None
listener.close()
address = property(lambda self: self._listener._address)
last_accepted = property(lambda self: self._listener._last_accepted)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
self.close()
def Client(address, family=None, authkey=None):
'''
Returns a connection to the address of a `Listener`
'''
family = family or address_type(address)
_validate_family(family)
if family == 'AF_PIPE':
c = PipeClient(address)
else:
c = SocketClient(address)
if authkey is not None and not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
raise TypeError('authkey should be a byte string')
if authkey is not None:
answer_challenge(c, authkey)
deliver_challenge(c, authkey)
return c
if sys.platform != 'win32':
def Pipe(duplex=True):
'''
Returns pair of connection objects at either end of a pipe
'''
if duplex:
s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
s1.setblocking(True)
s2.setblocking(True)
c1 = Connection(s1.detach())
c2 = Connection(s2.detach())
else:
fd1, fd2 = os.pipe()
c1 = Connection(fd1, writable=False)
c2 = Connection(fd2, readable=False)
return c1, c2
else:
def Pipe(duplex=True):
'''
Returns pair of connection objects at either end of a pipe
'''
address = arbitrary_address('AF_PIPE')
if duplex:
openmode = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX
access = _winapi.GENERIC_READ | _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE
obsize, ibsize = BUFSIZE, BUFSIZE
else:
openmode = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND
access = _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE
obsize, ibsize = 0, BUFSIZE
h1 = _winapi.CreateNamedPipe(
address, openmode | _winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED |
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE,
_winapi.PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE |
_winapi.PIPE_WAIT,
1, obsize, ibsize, _winapi.NMPWAIT_WAIT_FOREVER,
# default security descriptor: the handle cannot be inherited
_winapi.NULL
)
h2 = _winapi.CreateFile(
address, access, 0, _winapi.NULL, _winapi.OPEN_EXISTING,
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, _winapi.NULL
)
_winapi.SetNamedPipeHandleState(
h2, _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE, None, None
)
overlapped = _winapi.ConnectNamedPipe(h1, overlapped=True)
_, err = overlapped.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
c1 = PipeConnection(h1, writable=duplex)
c2 = PipeConnection(h2, readable=duplex)
return c1, c2
#
# Definitions for connections based on sockets
#
class SocketListener(object):
'''
Representation of a socket which is bound to an address and listening
'''
def __init__(self, address, family, backlog=1):
self._socket = socket.socket(getattr(socket, family))
try:
# SO_REUSEADDR has different semantics on Windows (issue #2550).
if os.name == 'posix':
self._socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self._socket.setblocking(True)
self._socket.bind(address)
self._socket.listen(backlog)
self._address = self._socket.getsockname()
except OSError:
self._socket.close()
raise
self._family = family
self._last_accepted = None
if family == 'AF_UNIX':
self._unlink = util.Finalize(
self, os.unlink, args=(address,), exitpriority=0
)
else:
self._unlink = None
def accept(self):
s, self._last_accepted = self._socket.accept()
s.setblocking(True)
return Connection(s.detach())
def close(self):
try:
self._socket.close()
finally:
unlink = self._unlink
if unlink is not None:
self._unlink = None
unlink()
def SocketClient(address):
'''
Return a connection object connected to the socket given by `address`
'''
family = address_type(address)
with socket.socket( getattr(socket, family) ) as s:
s.setblocking(True)
s.connect(address)
return Connection(s.detach())
#
# Definitions for connections based on named pipes
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
class PipeListener(object):
'''
Representation of a named pipe
'''
def __init__(self, address, backlog=None):
self._address = address
self._handle_queue = [self._new_handle(first=True)]
self._last_accepted = None
util.sub_debug('listener created with address=%r', self._address)
self.close = util.Finalize(
self, PipeListener._finalize_pipe_listener,
args=(self._handle_queue, self._address), exitpriority=0
)
def _new_handle(self, first=False):
flags = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | _winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED
if first:
flags |= _winapi.FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE
return _winapi.CreateNamedPipe(
self._address, flags,
_winapi.PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE |
_winapi.PIPE_WAIT,
_winapi.PIPE_UNLIMITED_INSTANCES, BUFSIZE, BUFSIZE,
_winapi.NMPWAIT_WAIT_FOREVER, _winapi.NULL
)
def accept(self):
self._handle_queue.append(self._new_handle())
handle = self._handle_queue.pop(0)
try:
ov = _winapi.ConnectNamedPipe(handle, overlapped=True)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror != _winapi.ERROR_NO_DATA:
raise
# ERROR_NO_DATA can occur if a client has already connected,
# written data and then disconnected -- see Issue 14725.
else:
try:
res = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
except:
ov.cancel()
_winapi.CloseHandle(handle)
raise
finally:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
return PipeConnection(handle)
@staticmethod
def _finalize_pipe_listener(queue, address):
util.sub_debug('closing listener with address=%r', address)
for handle in queue:
_winapi.CloseHandle(handle)
def PipeClient(address):
'''
Return a connection object connected to the pipe given by `address`
'''
t = _init_timeout()
while 1:
try:
_winapi.WaitNamedPipe(address, 1000)
h = _winapi.CreateFile(
address, _winapi.GENERIC_READ | _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE,
0, _winapi.NULL, _winapi.OPEN_EXISTING,
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, _winapi.NULL
)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror not in (_winapi.ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT,
_winapi.ERROR_PIPE_BUSY) or _check_timeout(t):
raise
else:
break
else:
raise
_winapi.SetNamedPipeHandleState(
h, _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE, None, None
)
return PipeConnection(h)
#
# Authentication stuff
#
MESSAGE_LENGTH = 20
CHALLENGE = b'#CHALLENGE#'
WELCOME = b'#WELCOME#'
FAILURE = b'#FAILURE#'
def deliver_challenge(connection, authkey):
import hmac
assert isinstance(authkey, bytes)
message = os.urandom(MESSAGE_LENGTH)
connection.send_bytes(CHALLENGE + message)
digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, 'md5').digest()
response = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
if response == digest:
connection.send_bytes(WELCOME)
else:
connection.send_bytes(FAILURE)
raise AuthenticationError('digest received was wrong')
def answer_challenge(connection, authkey):
import hmac
assert isinstance(authkey, bytes)
message = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
assert message[:len(CHALLENGE)] == CHALLENGE, 'message = %r' % message
message = message[len(CHALLENGE):]
digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, 'md5').digest()
connection.send_bytes(digest)
response = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
if response != WELCOME:
raise AuthenticationError('digest sent was rejected')
#
# Support for using xmlrpclib for serialization
#
class ConnectionWrapper(object):
def __init__(self, conn, dumps, loads):
self._conn = conn
self._dumps = dumps
self._loads = loads
for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'poll', 'recv_bytes', 'send_bytes'):
obj = getattr(conn, attr)
setattr(self, attr, obj)
def send(self, obj):
s = self._dumps(obj)
self._conn.send_bytes(s)
def recv(self):
s = self._conn.recv_bytes()
return self._loads(s)
def _xml_dumps(obj):
return xmlrpclib.dumps((obj,), None, None, None, 1).encode('utf-8')
def _xml_loads(s):
(obj,), method = xmlrpclib.loads(s.decode('utf-8'))
return obj
class XmlListener(Listener):
def accept(self):
global xmlrpclib
import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
obj = Listener.accept(self)
return ConnectionWrapper(obj, _xml_dumps, _xml_loads)
def XmlClient(*args, **kwds):
global xmlrpclib
import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
return ConnectionWrapper(Client(*args, **kwds), _xml_dumps, _xml_loads)
#
# Wait
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
def _exhaustive_wait(handles, timeout):
# Return ALL handles which are currently signalled. (Only
# returning the first signalled might create starvation issues.)
L = list(handles)
ready = []
while L:
res = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(L, False, timeout)
if res == WAIT_TIMEOUT:
break
elif WAIT_OBJECT_0 <= res < WAIT_OBJECT_0 + len(L):
res -= WAIT_OBJECT_0
elif WAIT_ABANDONED_0 <= res < WAIT_ABANDONED_0 + len(L):
res -= WAIT_ABANDONED_0
else:
raise RuntimeError('Should not get here')
ready.append(L[res])
L = L[res+1:]
timeout = 0
return ready
_ready_errors = {_winapi.ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE, _winapi.ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED}
def wait(object_list, timeout=None):
'''
Wait till an object in object_list is ready/readable.
Returns list of those objects in object_list which are ready/readable.
'''
if timeout is None:
timeout = INFINITE
elif timeout < 0:
timeout = 0
else:
timeout = int(timeout * 1000 + 0.5)
object_list = list(object_list)
waithandle_to_obj = {}
ov_list = []
ready_objects = set()
ready_handles = set()
try:
for o in object_list:
try:
fileno = getattr(o, 'fileno')
except AttributeError:
waithandle_to_obj[o.__index__()] = o
else:
# start an overlapped read of length zero
try:
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(fileno(), 0, True)
except OSError as e:
ov, err = None, e.winerror
if err not in _ready_errors:
raise
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
ov_list.append(ov)
waithandle_to_obj[ov.event] = o
else:
# If o.fileno() is an overlapped pipe handle and
# err == 0 then there is a zero length message
# in the pipe, but it HAS NOT been consumed...
if ov and sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] >= (6, 2):
# ... except on Windows 8 and later, where
# the message HAS been consumed.
try:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(False)
except OSError as e:
err = e.winerror
if not err and hasattr(o, '_got_empty_message'):
o._got_empty_message = True
ready_objects.add(o)
timeout = 0
ready_handles = _exhaustive_wait(waithandle_to_obj.keys(), timeout)
finally:
# request that overlapped reads stop
for ov in ov_list:
ov.cancel()
# wait for all overlapped reads to stop
for ov in ov_list:
try:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
except OSError as e:
err = e.winerror
if err not in _ready_errors:
raise
if err != _winapi.ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
o = waithandle_to_obj[ov.event]
ready_objects.add(o)
if err == 0:
# If o.fileno() is an overlapped pipe handle then
# a zero length message HAS been consumed.
if hasattr(o, '_got_empty_message'):
o._got_empty_message = True
ready_objects.update(waithandle_to_obj[h] for h in ready_handles)
return [o for o in object_list if o in ready_objects]
else:
import selectors
# poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file
# descriptor, contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single
# syscall).
if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
_WaitSelector = selectors.PollSelector
else:
_WaitSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
def wait(object_list, timeout=None):
'''
Wait till an object in object_list is ready/readable.
Returns list of those objects in object_list which are ready/readable.
'''
with _WaitSelector() as selector:
for obj in object_list:
selector.register(obj, selectors.EVENT_READ)
if timeout is not None:
deadline = time.time() + timeout
while True:
ready = selector.select(timeout)
if ready:
return [key.fileobj for (key, events) in ready]
else:
if timeout is not None:
timeout = deadline - time.time()
if timeout < 0:
return ready
#
# Make connection and socket objects sharable if possible
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
def reduce_connection(conn):
handle = conn.fileno()
with socket.fromfd(handle, socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
from . import resource_sharer
ds = resource_sharer.DupSocket(s)
return rebuild_connection, (ds, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_connection(ds, readable, writable):
sock = ds.detach()
return Connection(sock.detach(), readable, writable)
reduction.register(Connection, reduce_connection)
def reduce_pipe_connection(conn):
access = ((_winapi.FILE_GENERIC_READ if conn.readable else 0) |
(_winapi.FILE_GENERIC_WRITE if conn.writable else 0))
dh = reduction.DupHandle(conn.fileno(), access)
return rebuild_pipe_connection, (dh, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_pipe_connection(dh, readable, writable):
handle = dh.detach()
return PipeConnection(handle, readable, writable)
reduction.register(PipeConnection, reduce_pipe_connection)
else:
def reduce_connection(conn):
df = reduction.DupFd(conn.fileno())
return rebuild_connection, (df, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_connection(df, readable, writable):
fd = df.detach()
return Connection(fd, readable, writable)
reduction.register(Connection, reduce_connection)
Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
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