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"""Find modules used by a script, using introspection."""

import dis
import importlib._bootstrap_external
import importlib.machinery
import marshal
import os
import sys
import types
import struct
import warnings
with warnings.catch_warnings():
    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', PendingDeprecationWarning)
    import imp

# XXX Clean up once str8's cstor matches bytes.
LOAD_CONST = bytes([dis.opname.index('LOAD_CONST')])
IMPORT_NAME = bytes([dis.opname.index('IMPORT_NAME')])
STORE_NAME = bytes([dis.opname.index('STORE_NAME')])
STORE_GLOBAL = bytes([dis.opname.index('STORE_GLOBAL')])
STORE_OPS = [STORE_NAME, STORE_GLOBAL]
HAVE_ARGUMENT = bytes([dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT])

# Modulefinder does a good job at simulating Python's, but it can not
# handle __path__ modifications packages make at runtime.  Therefore there
# is a mechanism whereby you can register extra paths in this map for a
# package, and it will be honored.

# Note this is a mapping is lists of paths.
packagePathMap = {}

# A Public interface
def AddPackagePath(packagename, path):
    packagePathMap.setdefault(packagename, []).append(path)

replacePackageMap = {}

# This ReplacePackage mechanism allows modulefinder to work around
# situations in which a package injects itself under the name
# of another package into sys.modules at runtime by calling
# ReplacePackage("real_package_name", "faked_package_name")
# before running ModuleFinder.

def ReplacePackage(oldname, newname):
    replacePackageMap[oldname] = newname


class Module:

    def __init__(self, name, file=None, path=None):
        self.__name__ = name
        self.__file__ = file
        self.__path__ = path
        self.__code__ = None
        # The set of global names that are assigned to in the module.
        # This includes those names imported through starimports of
        # Python modules.
        self.globalnames = {}
        # The set of starimports this module did that could not be
        # resolved, ie. a starimport from a non-Python module.
        self.starimports = {}

    def __repr__(self):
        s = "Module(%r" % (self.__name__,)
        if self.__file__ is not None:
            s = s + ", %r" % (self.__file__,)
        if self.__path__ is not None:
            s = s + ", %r" % (self.__path__,)
        s = s + ")"
        return s

class ModuleFinder:

    def __init__(self, path=None, debug=0, excludes=[], replace_paths=[]):
        if path is None:
            path = sys.path
        self.path = path
        self.modules = {}
        self.badmodules = {}
        self.debug = debug
        self.indent = 0
        self.excludes = excludes
        self.replace_paths = replace_paths
        self.processed_paths = []   # Used in debugging only

    def msg(self, level, str, *args):
        if level <= self.debug:
            for i in range(self.indent):
                print("   ", end=' ')
            print(str, end=' ')
            for arg in args:
                print(repr(arg), end=' ')
            print()

    def msgin(self, *args):
        level = args[0]
        if level <= self.debug:
            self.indent = self.indent + 1
            self.msg(*args)

    def msgout(self, *args):
        level = args[0]
        if level <= self.debug:
            self.indent = self.indent - 1
            self.msg(*args)

    def run_script(self, pathname):
        self.msg(2, "run_script", pathname)
        with open(pathname) as fp:
            stuff = ("", "r", imp.PY_SOURCE)
            self.load_module('__main__', fp, pathname, stuff)

    def load_file(self, pathname):
        dir, name = os.path.split(pathname)
        name, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
        with open(pathname) as fp:
            stuff = (ext, "r", imp.PY_SOURCE)
            self.load_module(name, fp, pathname, stuff)

    def import_hook(self, name, caller=None, fromlist=None, level=-1):
        self.msg(3, "import_hook", name, caller, fromlist, level)
        parent = self.determine_parent(caller, level=level)
        q, tail = self.find_head_package(parent, name)
        m = self.load_tail(q, tail)
        if not fromlist:
            return q
        if m.__path__:
            self.ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist)
        return None

    def determine_parent(self, caller, level=-1):
        self.msgin(4, "determine_parent", caller, level)
        if not caller or level == 0:
            self.msgout(4, "determine_parent -> None")
            return None
        pname = caller.__name__
        if level >= 1: # relative import
            if caller.__path__:
                level -= 1
            if level == 0:
                parent = self.modules[pname]
                assert parent is caller
                self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
                return parent
            if pname.count(".") < level:
                raise ImportError("relative importpath too deep")
            pname = ".".join(pname.split(".")[:-level])
            parent = self.modules[pname]
            self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
            return parent
        if caller.__path__:
            parent = self.modules[pname]
            assert caller is parent
            self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
            return parent
        if '.' in pname:
            i = pname.rfind('.')
            pname = pname[:i]
            parent = self.modules[pname]
            assert parent.__name__ == pname
            self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
            return parent
        self.msgout(4, "determine_parent -> None")
        return None

    def find_head_package(self, parent, name):
        self.msgin(4, "find_head_package", parent, name)
        if '.' in name:
            i = name.find('.')
            head = name[:i]
            tail = name[i+1:]
        else:
            head = name
            tail = ""
        if parent:
            qname = "%s.%s" % (parent.__name__, head)
        else:
            qname = head
        q = self.import_module(head, qname, parent)
        if q:
            self.msgout(4, "find_head_package ->", (q, tail))
            return q, tail
        if parent:
            qname = head
            parent = None
            q = self.import_module(head, qname, parent)
            if q:
                self.msgout(4, "find_head_package ->", (q, tail))
                return q, tail
        self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", qname)
        raise ImportError("No module named " + qname)

    def load_tail(self, q, tail):
        self.msgin(4, "load_tail", q, tail)
        m = q
        while tail:
            i = tail.find('.')
            if i < 0: i = len(tail)
            head, tail = tail[:i], tail[i+1:]
            mname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, head)
            m = self.import_module(head, mname, m)
            if not m:
                self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", mname)
                raise ImportError("No module named " + mname)
        self.msgout(4, "load_tail ->", m)
        return m

    def ensure_fromlist(self, m, fromlist, recursive=0):
        self.msg(4, "ensure_fromlist", m, fromlist, recursive)
        for sub in fromlist:
            if sub == "*":
                if not recursive:
                    all = self.find_all_submodules(m)
                    if all:
                        self.ensure_fromlist(m, all, 1)
            elif not hasattr(m, sub):
                subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
                submod = self.import_module(sub, subname, m)
                if not submod:
                    raise ImportError("No module named " + subname)

    def find_all_submodules(self, m):
        if not m.__path__:
            return
        modules = {}
        # 'suffixes' used to be a list hardcoded to [".py", ".pyc"].
        # But we must also collect Python extension modules - although
        # we cannot separate normal dlls from Python extensions.
        suffixes = []
        suffixes += importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES[:]
        suffixes += importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES[:]
        suffixes += importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[:]
        for dir in m.__path__:
            try:
                names = os.listdir(dir)
            except OSError:
                self.msg(2, "can't list directory", dir)
                continue
            for name in names:
                mod = None
                for suff in suffixes:
                    n = len(suff)
                    if name[-n:] == suff:
                        mod = name[:-n]
                        break
                if mod and mod != "__init__":
                    modules[mod] = mod
        return modules.keys()

    def import_module(self, partname, fqname, parent):
        self.msgin(3, "import_module", partname, fqname, parent)
        try:
            m = self.modules[fqname]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", m)
            return m
        if fqname in self.badmodules:
            self.msgout(3, "import_module -> None")
            return None
        if parent and parent.__path__ is None:
            self.msgout(3, "import_module -> None")
            return None
        try:
            fp, pathname, stuff = self.find_module(partname,
                                                   parent and parent.__path__, parent)
        except ImportError:
            self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", None)
            return None
        try:
            m = self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff)
        finally:
            if fp:
                fp.close()
        if parent:
            setattr(parent, partname, m)
        self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", m)
        return m

    def load_module(self, fqname, fp, pathname, file_info):
        suffix, mode, type = file_info
        self.msgin(2, "load_module", fqname, fp and "fp", pathname)
        if type == imp.PKG_DIRECTORY:
            m = self.load_package(fqname, pathname)
            self.msgout(2, "load_module ->", m)
            return m
        if type == imp.PY_SOURCE:
            co = compile(fp.read()+'\n', pathname, 'exec')
        elif type == imp.PY_COMPILED:
            try:
                marshal_data = importlib._bootstrap_external._validate_bytecode_header(fp.read())
            except ImportError as exc:
                self.msgout(2, "raise ImportError: " + str(exc), pathname)
                raise
            co = marshal.loads(marshal_data)
        else:
            co = None
        m = self.add_module(fqname)
        m.__file__ = pathname
        if co:
            if self.replace_paths:
                co = self.replace_paths_in_code(co)
            m.__code__ = co
            self.scan_code(co, m)
        self.msgout(2, "load_module ->", m)
        return m

    def _add_badmodule(self, name, caller):
        if name not in self.badmodules:
            self.badmodules[name] = {}
        if caller:
            self.badmodules[name][caller.__name__] = 1
        else:
            self.badmodules[name]["-"] = 1

    def _safe_import_hook(self, name, caller, fromlist, level=-1):
        # wrapper for self.import_hook() that won't raise ImportError
        if name in self.badmodules:
            self._add_badmodule(name, caller)
            return
        try:
            self.import_hook(name, caller, level=level)
        except ImportError as msg:
            self.msg(2, "ImportError:", str(msg))
            self._add_badmodule(name, caller)
        else:
            if fromlist:
                for sub in fromlist:
                    if sub in self.badmodules:
                        self._add_badmodule(sub, caller)
                        continue
                    try:
                        self.import_hook(name, caller, [sub], level=level)
                    except ImportError as msg:
                        self.msg(2, "ImportError:", str(msg))
                        fullname = name + "." + sub
                        self._add_badmodule(fullname, caller)

    def scan_opcodes_25(self, co,
                     unpack = struct.unpack):
        # Scan the code, and yield 'interesting' opcode combinations
        # Python 2.5 version (has absolute and relative imports)
        code = co.co_code
        names = co.co_names
        consts = co.co_consts
        LOAD_LOAD_AND_IMPORT = LOAD_CONST + LOAD_CONST + IMPORT_NAME
        while code:
            c = bytes([code[0]])
            if c in STORE_OPS:
                oparg, = unpack('<H', code[1:3])
                yield "store", (names[oparg],)
                code = code[3:]
                continue
            if code[:9:3] == LOAD_LOAD_AND_IMPORT:
                oparg_1, oparg_2, oparg_3 = unpack('<xHxHxH', code[:9])
                level = consts[oparg_1]
                if level == 0: # absolute import
                    yield "absolute_import", (consts[oparg_2], names[oparg_3])
                else: # relative import
                    yield "relative_import", (level, consts[oparg_2], names[oparg_3])
                code = code[9:]
                continue
            if c >= HAVE_ARGUMENT:
                code = code[3:]
            else:
                code = code[1:]

    def scan_code(self, co, m):
        code = co.co_code
        scanner = self.scan_opcodes_25
        for what, args in scanner(co):
            if what == "store":
                name, = args
                m.globalnames[name] = 1
            elif what == "absolute_import":
                fromlist, name = args
                have_star = 0
                if fromlist is not None:
                    if "*" in fromlist:
                        have_star = 1
                    fromlist = [f for f in fromlist if f != "*"]
                self._safe_import_hook(name, m, fromlist, level=0)
                if have_star:
                    # We've encountered an "import *". If it is a Python module,
                    # the code has already been parsed and we can suck out the
                    # global names.
                    mm = None
                    if m.__path__:
                        # At this point we don't know whether 'name' is a
                        # submodule of 'm' or a global module. Let's just try
                        # the full name first.
                        mm = self.modules.get(m.__name__ + "." + name)
                    if mm is None:
                        mm = self.modules.get(name)
                    if mm is not None:
                        m.globalnames.update(mm.globalnames)
                        m.starimports.update(mm.starimports)
                        if mm.__code__ is None:
                            m.starimports[name] = 1
                    else:
                        m.starimports[name] = 1
            elif what == "relative_import":
                level, fromlist, name = args
                if name:
                    self._safe_import_hook(name, m, fromlist, level=level)
                else:
                    parent = self.determine_parent(m, level=level)
                    self._safe_import_hook(parent.__name__, None, fromlist, level=0)
            else:
                # We don't expect anything else from the generator.
                raise RuntimeError(what)

        for c in co.co_consts:
            if isinstance(c, type(co)):
                self.scan_code(c, m)

    def load_package(self, fqname, pathname):
        self.msgin(2, "load_package", fqname, pathname)
        newname = replacePackageMap.get(fqname)
        if newname:
            fqname = newname
        m = self.add_module(fqname)
        m.__file__ = pathname
        m.__path__ = [pathname]

        # As per comment at top of file, simulate runtime __path__ additions.
        m.__path__ = m.__path__ + packagePathMap.get(fqname, [])

        fp, buf, stuff = self.find_module("__init__", m.__path__)
        try:
            self.load_module(fqname, fp, buf, stuff)
            self.msgout(2, "load_package ->", m)
            return m
        finally:
            if fp:
                fp.close()

    def add_module(self, fqname):
        if fqname in self.modules:
            return self.modules[fqname]
        self.modules[fqname] = m = Module(fqname)
        return m

    def find_module(self, name, path, parent=None):
        if parent is not None:
            # assert path is not None
            fullname = parent.__name__+'.'+name
        else:
            fullname = name
        if fullname in self.excludes:
            self.msgout(3, "find_module -> Excluded", fullname)
            raise ImportError(name)

        if path is None:
            if name in sys.builtin_module_names:
                return (None, None, ("", "", imp.C_BUILTIN))

            path = self.path
        return imp.find_module(name, path)

    def report(self):
        """Print a report to stdout, listing the found modules with their
        paths, as well as modules that are missing, or seem to be missing.
        """
        print()
        print("  %-25s %s" % ("Name", "File"))
        print("  %-25s %s" % ("----", "----"))
        # Print modules found
        keys = sorted(self.modules.keys())
        for key in keys:
            m = self.modules[key]
            if m.__path__:
                print("P", end=' ')
            else:
                print("m", end=' ')
            print("%-25s" % key, m.__file__ or "")

        # Print missing modules
        missing, maybe = self.any_missing_maybe()
        if missing:
            print()
            print("Missing modules:")
            for name in missing:
                mods = sorted(self.badmodules[name].keys())
                print("?", name, "imported from", ', '.join(mods))
        # Print modules that may be missing, but then again, maybe not...
        if maybe:
            print()
            print("Submodules that appear to be missing, but could also be", end=' ')
            print("global names in the parent package:")
            for name in maybe:
                mods = sorted(self.badmodules[name].keys())
                print("?", name, "imported from", ', '.join(mods))

    def any_missing(self):
        """Return a list of modules that appear to be missing. Use
        any_missing_maybe() if you want to know which modules are
        certain to be missing, and which *may* be missing.
        """
        missing, maybe = self.any_missing_maybe()
        return missing + maybe

    def any_missing_maybe(self):
        """Return two lists, one with modules that are certainly missing
        and one with modules that *may* be missing. The latter names could
        either be submodules *or* just global names in the package.

        The reason it can't always be determined is that it's impossible to
        tell which names are imported when "from module import *" is done
        with an extension module, short of actually importing it.
        """
        missing = []
        maybe = []
        for name in self.badmodules:
            if name in self.excludes:
                continue
            i = name.rfind(".")
            if i < 0:
                missing.append(name)
                continue
            subname = name[i+1:]
            pkgname = name[:i]
            pkg = self.modules.get(pkgname)
            if pkg is not None:
                if pkgname in self.badmodules[name]:
                    # The package tried to import this module itself and
                    # failed. It's definitely missing.
                    missing.append(name)
                elif subname in pkg.globalnames:
                    # It's a global in the package: definitely not missing.
                    pass
                elif pkg.starimports:
                    # It could be missing, but the package did an "import *"
                    # from a non-Python module, so we simply can't be sure.
                    maybe.append(name)
                else:
                    # It's not a global in the package, the package didn't
                    # do funny star imports, it's very likely to be missing.
                    # The symbol could be inserted into the package from the
                    # outside, but since that's not good style we simply list
                    # it missing.
                    missing.append(name)
            else:
                missing.append(name)
        missing.sort()
        maybe.sort()
        return missing, maybe

    def replace_paths_in_code(self, co):
        new_filename = original_filename = os.path.normpath(co.co_filename)
        for f, r in self.replace_paths:
            if original_filename.startswith(f):
                new_filename = r + original_filename[len(f):]
                break

        if self.debug and original_filename not in self.processed_paths:
            if new_filename != original_filename:
                self.msgout(2, "co_filename %r changed to %r" \
                                    % (original_filename,new_filename,))
            else:
                self.msgout(2, "co_filename %r remains unchanged" \
                                    % (original_filename,))
            self.processed_paths.append(original_filename)

        consts = list(co.co_consts)
        for i in range(len(consts)):
            if isinstance(consts[i], type(co)):
                consts[i] = self.replace_paths_in_code(consts[i])

        return types.CodeType(co.co_argcount, co.co_kwonlyargcount,
                              co.co_nlocals, co.co_stacksize, co.co_flags,
                              co.co_code, tuple(consts), co.co_names,
                              co.co_varnames, new_filename, co.co_name,
                              co.co_firstlineno, co.co_lnotab, co.co_freevars,
                              co.co_cellvars)


def test():
    # Parse command line
    import getopt
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "dmp:qx:")
    except getopt.error as msg:
        print(msg)
        return

    # Process options
    debug = 1
    domods = 0
    addpath = []
    exclude = []
    for o, a in opts:
        if o == '-d':
            debug = debug + 1
        if o == '-m':
            domods = 1
        if o == '-p':
            addpath = addpath + a.split(os.pathsep)
        if o == '-q':
            debug = 0
        if o == '-x':
            exclude.append(a)

    # Provide default arguments
    if not args:
        script = "hello.py"
    else:
        script = args[0]

    # Set the path based on sys.path and the script directory
    path = sys.path[:]
    path[0] = os.path.dirname(script)
    path = addpath + path
    if debug > 1:
        print("path:")
        for item in path:
            print("   ", repr(item))

    # Create the module finder and turn its crank
    mf = ModuleFinder(path, debug, exclude)
    for arg in args[1:]:
        if arg == '-m':
            domods = 1
            continue
        if domods:
            if arg[-2:] == '.*':
                mf.import_hook(arg[:-2], None, ["*"])
            else:
                mf.import_hook(arg)
        else:
            mf.load_file(arg)
    mf.run_script(script)
    mf.report()
    return mf  # for -i debugging


if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        mf = test()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("\n[interrupted]")

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    • Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
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CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

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NYT Case Study Logos
New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

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BBC Case Study Logos
The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

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Spectrum Case Study Logos
Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

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UN Case Study Logos
The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

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Star Ledger Case Study Logos
The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

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Mcgraw Hill Case Study Logos
Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

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VOA Case Study Logos
Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

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Oyster Case Study Logos
Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

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SEPA Case Study Logos
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

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Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

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