"""Interface to the liblzma compression library. This module provides a class for reading and writing compressed files, classes for incremental (de)compression, and convenience functions for one-shot (de)compression. These classes and functions support both the XZ and legacy LZMA container formats, as well as raw compressed data streams. """ __all__ = [ "CHECK_NONE", "CHECK_CRC32", "CHECK_CRC64", "CHECK_SHA256", "CHECK_ID_MAX", "CHECK_UNKNOWN", "FILTER_LZMA1", "FILTER_LZMA2", "FILTER_DELTA", "FILTER_X86", "FILTER_IA64", "FILTER_ARM", "FILTER_ARMTHUMB", "FILTER_POWERPC", "FILTER_SPARC", "FORMAT_AUTO", "FORMAT_XZ", "FORMAT_ALONE", "FORMAT_RAW", "MF_HC3", "MF_HC4", "MF_BT2", "MF_BT3", "MF_BT4", "MODE_FAST", "MODE_NORMAL", "PRESET_DEFAULT", "PRESET_EXTREME", "LZMACompressor", "LZMADecompressor", "LZMAFile", "LZMAError", "open", "compress", "decompress", "is_check_supported", ] import builtins import io from _lzma import * from _lzma import _encode_filter_properties, _decode_filter_properties import _compression _MODE_CLOSED = 0 _MODE_READ = 1 # Value 2 no longer used _MODE_WRITE = 3 class LZMAFile(_compression.BaseStream): """A file object providing transparent LZMA (de)compression. An LZMAFile can act as a wrapper for an existing file object, or refer directly to a named file on disk. Note that LZMAFile provides a *binary* file interface - data read is returned as bytes, and data to be written must be given as bytes. """ def __init__(self, filename=None, mode="r", *, format=None, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None): """Open an LZMA-compressed file in binary mode. filename can be either an actual file name (given as a str or bytes object), in which case the named file is opened, or it can be an existing file object to read from or write to. mode can be "r" for reading (default), "w" for (over)writing, "x" for creating exclusively, or "a" for appending. These can equivalently be given as "rb", "wb", "xb" and "ab" respectively. format specifies the container format to use for the file. If mode is "r", this defaults to FORMAT_AUTO. Otherwise, the default is FORMAT_XZ. check specifies the integrity check to use. This argument can only be used when opening a file for writing. For FORMAT_XZ, the default is CHECK_CRC64. FORMAT_ALONE and FORMAT_RAW do not support integrity checks - for these formats, check must be omitted, or be CHECK_NONE. When opening a file for reading, the *preset* argument is not meaningful, and should be omitted. The *filters* argument should also be omitted, except when format is FORMAT_RAW (in which case it is required). When opening a file for writing, the settings used by the compressor can be specified either as a preset compression level (with the *preset* argument), or in detail as a custom filter chain (with the *filters* argument). For FORMAT_XZ and FORMAT_ALONE, the default is to use the PRESET_DEFAULT preset level. For FORMAT_RAW, the caller must always specify a filter chain; the raw compressor does not support preset compression levels. preset (if provided) should be an integer in the range 0-9, optionally OR-ed with the constant PRESET_EXTREME. filters (if provided) should be a sequence of dicts. Each dict should have an entry for "id" indicating ID of the filter, plus additional entries for options to the filter. """ self._fp = None self._closefp = False self._mode = _MODE_CLOSED if mode in ("r", "rb"): if check != -1: raise ValueError("Cannot specify an integrity check " "when opening a file for reading") if preset is not None: raise ValueError("Cannot specify a preset compression " "level when opening a file for reading") if format is None: format = FORMAT_AUTO mode_code = _MODE_READ elif mode in ("w", "wb", "a", "ab", "x", "xb"): if format is None: format = FORMAT_XZ mode_code = _MODE_WRITE self._compressor = LZMACompressor(format=format, check=check, preset=preset, filters=filters) self._pos = 0 else: raise ValueError("Invalid mode: {!r}".format(mode)) if isinstance(filename, (str, bytes)): if "b" not in mode: mode += "b" self._fp = builtins.open(filename, mode) self._closefp = True self._mode = mode_code elif hasattr(filename, "read") or hasattr(filename, "write"): self._fp = filename self._mode = mode_code else: raise TypeError("filename must be a str or bytes object, or a file") if self._mode == _MODE_READ: raw = _compression.DecompressReader(self._fp, LZMADecompressor, trailing_error=LZMAError, format=format, filters=filters) self._buffer = io.BufferedReader(raw) def close(self): """Flush and close the file. May be called more than once without error. Once the file is closed, any other operation on it will raise a ValueError. """ if self._mode == _MODE_CLOSED: return try: if self._mode == _MODE_READ: self._buffer.close() self._buffer = None elif self._mode == _MODE_WRITE: self._fp.write(self._compressor.flush()) self._compressor = None finally: try: if self._closefp: self._fp.close() finally: self._fp = None self._closefp = False self._mode = _MODE_CLOSED @property def closed(self): """True if this file is closed.""" return self._mode == _MODE_CLOSED def fileno(self): """Return the file descriptor for the underlying file.""" self._check_not_closed() return self._fp.fileno() def seekable(self): """Return whether the file supports seeking.""" return self.readable() and self._buffer.seekable() def readable(self): """Return whether the file was opened for reading.""" self._check_not_closed() return self._mode == _MODE_READ def writable(self): """Return whether the file was opened for writing.""" self._check_not_closed() return self._mode == _MODE_WRITE def peek(self, size=-1): """Return buffered data without advancing the file position. Always returns at least one byte of data, unless at EOF. The exact number of bytes returned is unspecified. """ self._check_can_read() # Relies on the undocumented fact that BufferedReader.peek() always # returns at least one byte (except at EOF) return self._buffer.peek(size) def read(self, size=-1): """Read up to size uncompressed bytes from the file. If size is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Returns b"" if the file is already at EOF. """ self._check_can_read() return self._buffer.read(size) def read1(self, size=-1): """Read up to size uncompressed bytes, while trying to avoid making multiple reads from the underlying stream. Reads up to a buffer's worth of data if size is negative. Returns b"" if the file is at EOF. """ self._check_can_read() if size < 0: size = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE return self._buffer.read1(size) def readline(self, size=-1): """Read a line of uncompressed bytes from the file. The terminating newline (if present) is retained. If size is non-negative, no more than size bytes will be read (in which case the line may be incomplete). Returns b'' if already at EOF. """ self._check_can_read() return self._buffer.readline(size) def write(self, data): """Write a bytes object to the file. Returns the number of uncompressed bytes written, which is always len(data). Note that due to buffering, the file on disk may not reflect the data written until close() is called. """ self._check_can_write() compressed = self._compressor.compress(data) self._fp.write(compressed) self._pos += len(data) return len(data) def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET): """Change the file position. The new position is specified by offset, relative to the position indicated by whence. Possible values for whence are: 0: start of stream (default): offset must not be negative 1: current stream position 2: end of stream; offset must not be positive Returns the new file position. Note that seeking is emulated, so depending on the parameters, this operation may be extremely slow. """ self._check_can_seek() return self._buffer.seek(offset, whence) def tell(self): """Return the current file position.""" self._check_not_closed() if self._mode == _MODE_READ: return self._buffer.tell() return self._pos def open(filename, mode="rb", *, format=None, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """Open an LZMA-compressed file in binary or text mode. filename can be either an actual file name (given as a str or bytes object), in which case the named file is opened, or it can be an existing file object to read from or write to. The mode argument can be "r", "rb" (default), "w", "wb", "x", "xb", "a", or "ab" for binary mode, or "rt", "wt", "xt", or "at" for text mode. The format, check, preset and filters arguments specify the compression settings, as for LZMACompressor, LZMADecompressor and LZMAFile. For binary mode, this function is equivalent to the LZMAFile constructor: LZMAFile(filename, mode, ...). In this case, the encoding, errors and newline arguments must not be provided. For text mode, a LZMAFile object is created, and wrapped in an io.TextIOWrapper instance with the specified encoding, error handling behavior, and line ending(s). """ if "t" in mode: if "b" in mode: raise ValueError("Invalid mode: %r" % (mode,)) else: if encoding is not None: raise ValueError("Argument 'encoding' not supported in binary mode") if errors is not None: raise ValueError("Argument 'errors' not supported in binary mode") if newline is not None: raise ValueError("Argument 'newline' not supported in binary mode") lz_mode = mode.replace("t", "") binary_file = LZMAFile(filename, lz_mode, format=format, check=check, preset=preset, filters=filters) if "t" in mode: return io.TextIOWrapper(binary_file, encoding, errors, newline) else: return binary_file def compress(data, format=FORMAT_XZ, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None): """Compress a block of data. Refer to LZMACompressor's docstring for a description of the optional arguments *format*, *check*, *preset* and *filters*. For incremental compression, use an LZMACompressor instead. """ comp = LZMACompressor(format, check, preset, filters) return comp.compress(data) + comp.flush() def decompress(data, format=FORMAT_AUTO, memlimit=None, filters=None): """Decompress a block of data. Refer to LZMADecompressor's docstring for a description of the optional arguments *format*, *check* and *filters*. For incremental decompression, use an LZMADecompressor instead. """ results = [] while True: decomp = LZMADecompressor(format, memlimit, filters) try: res = decomp.decompress(data) except LZMAError: if results: break # Leftover data is not a valid LZMA/XZ stream; ignore it. else: raise # Error on the first iteration; bail out. results.append(res) if not decomp.eof: raise LZMAError("Compressed data ended before the " "end-of-stream marker was reached") data = decomp.unused_data if not data: break return b"".join(results)

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.

Learn More

New York Times Television

We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.

Learn More

The BBC

We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.

Learn More

Spectrum News

For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.

Learn More

The United Nations

In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.

Learn More

The Newark Star-Ledger

We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.

Learn More

Mcgraw Hill

We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.

Learn More

Voice of America

In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.

Learn More

Oyster Yachts

British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.

Learn More

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.

Learn More

Michael on Media

Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.

He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.

Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.

Do You Have Questions About Learning Video Skills?

If you would like to know more about our courses contact us and one of our training advisors will be happy to call you.

Your IP : 216.73.216.103

RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*

A revolution in video storytelling

Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods

From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™

*and every other business that uses video

WHAT WE DO

Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.

We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.

No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.

This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.

In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.

In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.

It’s a combination that works.

We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.

And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.

EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE

ITAY HOD

Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.

Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.

Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.

KIET DO

Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.

Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.

TAYLOR SCHAUB

Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.

Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.

THE BOOTCAMP

How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?

Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps

We have done these all over the world.

These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.

-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.

-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.

-We are entirely character-driven.

-We are driven by pictures and real events.

-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.

Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.

Case Studies

CBS News

New York Times Television

The BBC

Spectrum News

The United Nations

The Newark Star-Ledger

Mcgraw Hill

Voice of America

Oyster Yachts

Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Michael on Media