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Command-line parsing library
This module is an optparse-inspired command-line parsing library that:
- handles both optional and positional arguments
- produces highly informative usage messages
- supports parsers that dispatch to sub-parsers
The following is a simple usage example that sums integers from the
command-line and writes the result to a file::
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description='sum the integers at the command line')
parser.add_argument(
'integers', metavar='int', nargs='+', type=int,
help='an integer to be summed')
parser.add_argument(
'--log', default=sys.stdout, type=argparse.FileType('w'),
help='the file where the sum should be written')
args = parser.parse_args()
args.log.write('%s' % sum(args.integers))
args.log.close()
The module contains the following public classes:
- ArgumentParser -- The main entry point for command-line parsing. As the
example above shows, the add_argument() method is used to populate
the parser with actions for optional and positional arguments. Then
the parse_args() method is invoked to convert the args at the
command-line into an object with attributes.
- ArgumentError -- The exception raised by ArgumentParser objects when
there are errors with the parser's actions. Errors raised while
parsing the command-line are caught by ArgumentParser and emitted
as command-line messages.
- FileType -- A factory for defining types of files to be created. As the
example above shows, instances of FileType are typically passed as
the type= argument of add_argument() calls.
- Action -- The base class for parser actions. Typically actions are
selected by passing strings like 'store_true' or 'append_const' to
the action= argument of add_argument(). However, for greater
customization of ArgumentParser actions, subclasses of Action may
be defined and passed as the action= argument.
- HelpFormatter, RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, RawTextHelpFormatter,
ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter -- Formatter classes which
may be passed as the formatter_class= argument to the
ArgumentParser constructor. HelpFormatter is the default,
RawDescriptionHelpFormatter and RawTextHelpFormatter tell the parser
not to change the formatting for help text, and
ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter adds information about argument defaults
to the help.
All other classes in this module are considered implementation details.
(Also note that HelpFormatter and RawDescriptionHelpFormatter are only
considered public as object names -- the API of the formatter objects is
still considered an implementation detail.)
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r a\ Information about how to convert command line strings to Python objects.
Action objects are used by an ArgumentParser to represent the information
needed to parse a single argument from one or more strings from the
command line. The keyword arguments to the Action constructor are also
all attributes of Action instances.
Keyword Arguments:
- option_strings -- A list of command-line option strings which
should be associated with this action.
- dest -- The name of the attribute to hold the created object(s)
- nargs -- The number of command-line arguments that should be
consumed. By default, one argument will be consumed and a single
value will be produced. Other values include:
- N (an integer) consumes N arguments (and produces a list)
- '?' consumes zero or one arguments
- '*' consumes zero or more arguments (and produces a list)
- '+' consumes one or more arguments (and produces a list)
Note that the difference between the default and nargs=1 is that
with the default, a single value will be produced, while with
nargs=1, a list containing a single value will be produced.
- const -- The value to be produced if the option is specified and the
option uses an action that takes no values.
- default -- The value to be produced if the option is not specified.
- type -- A callable that accepts a single string argument, and
returns the converted value. The standard Python types str, int,
float, and complex are useful examples of such callables. If None,
str is used.
- choices -- A container of values that should be allowed. If not None,
after a command-line argument has been converted to the appropriate
type, an exception will be raised if it is not a member of this
collection.
- required -- True if the action must always be specified at the
command line. This is only meaningful for optional command-line
arguments.
- help -- The help string describing the argument.
- metavar -- The name to be used for the option's argument with the
help string. If None, the 'dest' value will be used as the name.
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d S)Nr z�nargs for store actions must be > 0; if you have nothing to store, actions such as store true or store const may be more appropriatez nargs must be %r to supply constr r� r� r� r� r r� r� rk r� )r: r
�superr� rM ) r r r� r� r� r� r r� r� rk r� )� __class__r% r& rM ; s z_StoreAction.__init__c C s t | | j | � d S)N)r/ r� )r r� r0 r� r� r% r% r& r� X s z_StoreAction.__call__)r r+ r, rM r� r% r% )r� r& r� 9 s r� c s= e Z d Z d d d d � f d d � Z d d d � Z � S)�_StoreConstActionNFc sA t t | � j d | d | d d d | d | d | d | � d S) Nr r� r� r r� r� r� rk )r� r� rM )r r r� r� r� r� rk r� )r� r% r& rM ^ s z_StoreConstAction.__init__c C s t | | j | j � d S)N)r/ r� r� )r r� r0 r� r� r% r% r& r� o s z_StoreConstAction.__call__)r r+ r, rM r� r% r% )r� r& r� \ s
r� c s+ e Z d Z d d d � f d d � Z � S)�_StoreTrueActionFNc
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d S)Nr z�nargs for append actions must be > 0; if arg strings are not supplying the value to append, the append const action may be more appropriatez nargs must be %r to supply constr r� r� r� r� r r� r� rk r� )r: r
r� r� rM ) r r r� r� r� r� r r� r� rk r� )r� r% r& rM � s z_AppendAction.__init__c C sB t j t | | j g � � } | j | � t | | j | � d S)N)�_copy�copyr1 r� r r/ )r r� r0 r� r� r* r% r% r& r� � s
z_AppendAction.__call__)r r+ r, rM r� r% r% )r� r& r� � s r� c s= e Z d Z d d d d � f d d � Z d d d � Z � S)�_AppendConstActionNFc sG t t | � j d | d | d d d | d | d | d | d | � d S)
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r� c s: e Z d Z d d d � f d d � Z d d d � Z � S)� _CountActionNFc
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z_HelpAction.__call__)r r+ r, r rM r� r% r% )r� r& r� � s r� c s= e Z d Z d e e d � f d d � Z d d d � Z � S)�_VersionActionNz&show program's version number and exitc s> t t | � j d | d | d | d d d | � | | _ d S)Nr r� r� r� r rk )r� r� rM �version)r r r� r� r� rk )r� r% r& rM � s z_VersionAction.__init__c C s^ | j } | d k r | j } | j � } | j | � | j | j � t j � | j � d S)N)r� �_get_formatterrb �_print_messager\ �_sys�stdoutr� )r r� r0 r� r� r� rR r% r% r& r� s
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r� c sh e Z d Z Gd d � d e � Z e d d � f d d � Z d d � Z d d � Z d d
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� Z d S) r a� Factory for creating file object types
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z _ActionsContainer._add_actionc C s | j j | � d S)N)r �remove)r ro r% r% r& �_remove_actiona s z _ActionsContainer._remove_actionc C sI i } xL | j D]A } | j | k rD t d � } t | | j � � | | | j <q Wi } xs | j D]h } | j | k r� | j d | j d | j d | j � | | j <x" | j D] } | | j | | <q� Wqe WxD | j D]9 } | j d | j
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z!_ActionsContainer._check_conflictc C sK t d d t | � � } d j d d � | D� � } t | | | � � d S)Nz conflicting option string: %sz conflicting option strings: %sz, c S s g | ] \ } } | � q Sr% r% )rU r� ro r% r% r& rX � s z<_ActionsContainer._handle_conflict_error.<locals>.<listcomp>)r ri r r )r ro �conflicting_actionsr� Zconflict_stringr% r% r& �_handle_conflict_error� s
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_container)r r- r� )r� r% r& rM s z _MutuallyExclusiveGroup.__init__c C sG | j r! t d � } t | � � | j j | � } | j j | � | S)Nz-mutually exclusive arguments must be optional)r� r} r: r: r% r� r )r ro r� r% r% r& r% s z#_MutuallyExclusiveGroup._add_actionc C s$ | j j | � | j j | � d S)N)r: r0 r� r/ )r ro r% r% r& r0 $ s z&_MutuallyExclusiveGroup._remove_action)r r+ r, rM r% r0 r% r% )r� r& r* s r* c s� e Z d Z d Z d d d d g e d d d d d d � f d d � Z d d � Z d
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d d � Z d d � Z d d � Z d d � Z d d! � Z d" d# � Z d$ d% � Z d& d' � Z d( d) � Z d* d+ � Z d, d- � Z d. d/ � Z d0 d1 � Z d d2 d3 � Z d d4 d5 � Z d d6 d7 � Z d8 d d9 d: � Z d; d< � Z � S)=r a� Object for parsing command line strings into Python objects.
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- description -- A description of what the program does
- epilog -- Text following the argument descriptions
- parents -- Parsers whose arguments should be copied into this one
- formatter_class -- HelpFormatter class for printing help messages
- prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix optional arguments
- fromfile_prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix files containing
additional arguments
- argument_default -- The default value for all arguments
- conflict_handler -- String indicating how to handle conflicts
- add_help -- Add a -h/-help option
- allow_abbrev -- Allow long options to be abbreviated unambiguously
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zArgumentParser.__init__c s/ d d d d d d g } � f d d � | D� S) NrK rd r rB r rD c s% g | ] } | t � | � f � q Sr% )r. )rU r# )r r% r& rX � s z.ArgumentParser._get_kwargs.<locals>.<listcomp>r% )r r� r% )r r& r | s zArgumentParser._get_kwargsc K sA | j d k r" | j t d � � | j d t | � � d | k sP d | k r� t | j d d � � } t | j d d � � } | j | | � | _ n | j | _ | j d � d k r | j � } | j
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Rosenblum TV: Video training, virtual workshops, classes, tutorials
RE-INVENTING THE TELEVISION NEWS BUSINESS*
A revolution in video storytelling
Creating entirely new & cost-effective production methods
From the world leaders in video production training and the creators of Character Driven Storytelling™
*and every other business that uses video
WHAT WE DO
Over the past 35 years, we have designed, built or restructured some of the most powerful news and journalism companies in the world.
We replace the traditional TV news ‘crew’ with one highly trained journalist, working alone with nothing but an iPhone.
No more TV news ‘crews’, no editors and no field producers.
This is television news done the way newspaper journalism is done – one reporter with their electronic pad and pencil.
In doing this, we can cut the cost of production by as much as 75% while increasing ratings and audience engagement.
In the place of conventional TV news ‘packages’ – ie, reporter stand up, interview, b-roll, man on the street, we marry great journalism with Netflix and Hollywood storytelling.
It’s a combination that works.
We have taken most of our clients to #1 in their respective markets.
And it’s not just for news. Any company, any profit, any NGO and anyone else who is online needs to tell their story in compelling yet cost-effective video. We can teach you to do that. Either in person or virtually.
EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE CAN TEACH YOUR STAFF TO PRODUCE
ITAY HOD
Itay Hod, MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2018.
Because he works alone, with only an iPhone, he was able to embed himself with a homeless family.
Here’s the story he produced in a one-day turn.
KIET DO
Kiet Do, an MMJ with KPIX/CBS in San Francisco, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2021.
Here is a story he produced, all on his own, with only an iPhone and in a one-day turn.
TAYLOR SCHAUB
Taylor Schaub, an MMJ with Spectrum News 1 in LA, took the 5-Day Intensive Video Storytelling Bootcamp in 2023.
Here is a story he turned in only one day, using only an iPhone. It was the first video story he ever did and it was nominated for an Emmy.
THE BOOTCAMP
How do we convert stations and whole networks to working in this way?
Since 1988, we have run intensive 5-Day Video Storytelling Bootcamps
We have done these all over the world.
These are hands-on bootcamps, and participants learn an entirely new way of creating TV news stories.
-We shoot at a 3:1 ratio or lower, so turnaround times are fast.
-We go directly from camera to timelilne and edit – no written scripts. We work in the medium of pictures and sound.
-We are entirely character-driven.
-We are driven by pictures and real events.
-We are focused almost entirely on ’the viewer experience’.
Since 1988, more than 70,000 journalists around the world have taken our bootcamps, either in person on virtualy.
We have started to work with CBS News, bringing our ideas of character-driven storytelling to one of the most successful and biggest networks in the United States. Since beginning to work with them ratings have climbed and more importantly, audience engagement is through the ceiling.
We started New York Times Television in 1990 and it was the first paper to be brought into the world of TV. It quickly became one of the most successful non-fiction production companies in the United States. The series and documentaries we produced won many awards including multiple Emmys.
We have been working with the BBC since the year 2000 helping to convert their national news network to our visual storytelling technique. Most recently we have trained teams from their sports, documentaries, and comedy divisions to make character-driven stories using only smartphones.
For the past five years we have worked with Spectrum News to introduce and train their journalists on visual, character driven storytelling using smartphones helping to create a different kind of local news for their network of 24-Hour News Stations across the United States.
In 2006, we were approached by the United Nations. Rather than rely on news outlets, it would be much easier to train the field operatives to produce their own stories. We spent two years working with the UN, training more than 100 of their staff in bootcamps in Geneva and Nairobi.
We trained 50 print reporters at the paper to shoot and tell their own stories, in conjunction with their print work. We built a TV newsroom in their existing print newsroom – you could not ask for a better set and they began to live stream their stories in conjunction with their print work.
We spent two years with McGraw Hill, training more than 150 of their staffers, making them completely video literate. McGraw/Hill media properties we transit included Business Week, Aviation Week, (what was the name of the architecture magazine), and JD Power and Associates.
In 1990, we were approached by The Voice of America, the official broadcasting agency for the United States Government. When we met with VOA, they were only a short wave radio broadcaster, but working with them, we took them into television, launching VOA-TV.
British based Oyster Yachts makes some of the finest yachts in the world. Like every other company, they had to find a way to feed the never-ending video demands of social media – sites like Instagram and TikTok. We trained the Oyster staff to tell their own stories, using only iPhones.
We were approached by SEPA, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency because they had to continually find a way to ‘feed the media beast’. The result was that SEPA was able to tell their own stories, whenever they wanted, and at almost no additional cost.
Michael Rosenblum has been writing about the media since 1988. His work and ideas have appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, Ilkeston Life and many other publications.
He has been blogging regularly for the past 35 years on this subject. Having taught media studies at Columbia University, NYU and now the University of Oxford, he is considered an expert on this subject.
Continue reading this post or look back at previous posts.
